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Biology Lab > Heart dissection > Flashcards

Heart dissection Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the heart appear at a posterior view?

A

the left and right are swapped around

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2
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

-

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3
Q

What is the role of the tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve?

A

make sure blood flows in a forward direction from the atrium to ventricle
prevent back-flow of blood

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4
Q

What is the structure of the tricuspid valve?

A

Has 3 flaps that open and close, allowing the blood to flow from right atrium to ventricle in heart.

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5
Q

What are the 2 AV valves?

A

Tricuspid

Mitral (Bicuspid)

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6
Q

Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve located?

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle

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7
Q

What is the structure of the mitral/bicuspid valve?

A

have 2 flaps in the heart which lies between the left atrium and ventricle

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8
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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9
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Smooth frictionless lining- simple endothelium

- Inner layer of the heart which protects valves and heart chambers

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
-produces pericardial fluid

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11
Q

What does the pericardial fluid do?

A
  • Lubrication to minimise friction generated by the heart as it contracts
  • If cavity dries up- causes Pericarditis- acquired defect
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12
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick middle layer of the heart

Muscular tissue/cardiac- which serves the pump oxygenated blood around the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

recieves deoxygenated blood from body and pumped to right ventricle

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14
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

pumps deoxygenated blood back to lungs

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15
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps to ventricle

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16
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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17
Q

What is the coronary blood vessels?

A

When the aorta branches off into 2 main coronary blood vessels known as arteries.- left and right
These then branch off into smaller arteries -

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18
Q

What is the role of the coronary blood vessels?

A

supplies oxygen rich blood to the entire heart and heart muscle

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19
Q

What are the 3 openings of the heart?

A

superior vena cava
Fossa ovalis
Inferior vena cava

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20
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

large vein

which returns deoxygenated blood from the head and neck to the heart

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21
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to the heart

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22
Q

What is the fossa ovalis/coronary sinus?

A

brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium from the heart

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23
Q

Why is the left side of the heart much stronger?

A

left ventricle is more developed

-a greater force is needed to push blood through the systemic circulation

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24
Q

What is the function of the left and right coronary blood vessels?

A

supply the heart muscle with oxygen rich blood.

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25
Q

Where do the right and left coronary artery branch from?

A

branch off the aorta

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26
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Main artery which carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body
takes 5% of hearts daily output

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27
Q

What are the 2 mains valves in the heart?

A

AV- mitral and tricuspid

Semi lunar- pulmonary and aortic

28
Q

What is the function of the 4 valves of the heart?

A

passive

-ensure blood flows around the heart in the correct direction

29
Q

What is the structure of the semi-lunar valve?

A
  • 3.5 moon shaped cups
30
Q

What is the action of the SL valves?

A
  1. when ventricle is full of blood , ventricle contracts
  2. pressure rises , blood is pushed up against semilunar valve forcing them open
  3. ventricles relax , blood flows back down due to gravity , filling cups of semilunar valve forcing them to close
  4. semilunar valve stops blood falling back to ventricle
31
Q

What is the AV valves made of?

A

flaps of connective tissue

32
Q

What is the action of the AV valve?

A
  1. atrium contracts
  2. pushes AV valve open and blood comes into ventricle
  3. ventricle contracts papillary muscle contracts and chordae tendinae tighten preventing valve from everting into atria
33
Q

What is the main function of the chordae tendinae?

A

Holds AV valve in place

-Tension is put on the AV valves during ventricular contraction to stop eversion by the chordae tendinae

34
Q

What is the difference between AV and SL valves?

A

AV valves have muscle in then which is the chordae tendinae attached to the papillary muscle

35
Q

What is lub ?

A

AV valve shut

36
Q

What is dub?

A

SL valve shut

37
Q

What are the 2 phases of cardiac cycle?

A

Systole (contractions)

Diastole (relaxation)

38
Q

What is the differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres have several peripheral nuclei and cardiac have a single central nucleus

  1. Skeletal muscle fibres do not branch however cardiac do
  2. Cardiac muscle are joined via gap junction - intercalated discs- forming syniticum
39
Q

What is a syncitium

A

Sheet of muscle where the individual cells are connected vis gap junctions
they form 2 - one around atria and other around ventricle- joined by the bundle of his

40
Q

What is the pulmonary artery function?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the (right ventricle) heart to the lungs

41
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

carries oxygenated blood back to the heart via into the left atrium

42
Q

What are the units of blood pressure?

A

mmHg

43
Q

How do you measure blood pressure/.

A

Using a sphygmomanometer

44
Q

How is blood pressure test carried out?

A
  1. Wrap a cuff around the arm - locate the brachial artery.
  2. Apply a stethoscope so you are able to hear the sounds of korotkoff
  3. Inflate the cuff to around 150mmHg- putting pressure on the brachial artery
  4. Apply enough pressure until the artery has collapsed
  5. When you have collapsed that artery- you are above the systolic pressure
  6. The pressure is released from the cuff until the point at which there is some blood flow= systolic pressue
  7. The pressure is further reduced and more blood will flow through the artery which is being collapsed less and less
  8. Eventually a point is reached when blood flow is no longer restricted= Diastolic pressure
45
Q

How else can the systolic and diastolic pressure be determined?

A

By listening to blood flow in the artery below the cuff- these are the sound of korotkoff

46
Q

What are the sounds of korotkoff?

A
  • When the artery is collapsed you can not hear anything as no blood flowing
  • When the pressure starts to decrease at the systolic pressure- will hear a soft intermittent tapping sound- first hear the sound
  • As you decrease the pressure more- louder and more continuous rushing sound
  • Then there is no turbulent blood flow and no constricting blood vessel= the sound has now died away,- you are at diastolic pressure- dies away
47
Q

What is the brachial artery?

A

superficial blood vessel in the upper arm

48
Q

Why is there variation in the readings of blood pressure from different people?

A
  • Age

- Different diet/lifestyle/activities

49
Q

Why is there variation in the readings of blood pressure from different people?

A
  • Age

- Different diet/lifestyle/activities

50
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram

51
Q

What does the ECG measure?

A

recording on the body surface of the electrical events in the heart (atrial and ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation)

52
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

53
Q

Explain the shape of a normal ECG in terms of the events of the cardiac cycle?

A

§

54
Q

What does the gap between the P and Q wave mean?

A

How long it takes the action potential to get through the Bundle OF His

55
Q

What does S-T mean?

A

How long is the ventricle contraction

56
Q

What does T- mean?

A

Ventricle relacxing- repolarisation

57
Q

How is heart block presented in the ECG?

A

Some P waves are not transmitted thus the QRS and T waves are not present

58
Q

how is congenital long QT syndrome presented in ECG ?

A
  • It is a genetic defect causing Na ion channels to stay open
    . distance from Q - T is long meaning ventricles stay open
59
Q

What is the irregularities of the ECG?

A
  1. Heart block
  2. Ventricular Fibrillation
  3. Congenital Long -QT syndrome
  4. Variable QT interval
60
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

is a series of very high frequency uncoordinated contractions (>300 bpm)

61
Q

What is Heart block?

A

A complete break in the system (Bundle of His)

62
Q

What can defects in the system result in?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

  • Bradycardia <60 bpm
  • Tachycardia > 100 bpm
63
Q

What is the variable QT interval?

A

represents the time of ventricular activity including both depolarisation and repolarisation. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.

64
Q

What are Purkinje fibres?

A

One of the specialized cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

65
Q

What is the diameter of the purkinje fibres?

A

70-80um

66
Q

What is the diameter of cardiac muscle

A

10um in diamter

50-200um in length

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