oncology Flashcards
blom-singer device
used for laryngectomy (vocal cords, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage removed) which is a laryngeal cancer treatment
connection between trachea and esophagus - stick plastic/finger in fistula and air diverted from trachea to esophagus and out of mouth
- breathe out of neck
most frequent mets for colorectal cancer
liver
definitive test for colorectal cancer
colonoscopy
fecal occult blood testing should begin when?
50
colorectal cancer
flexible sigmoidoscopy when?
every 5 years after age 50
colorectal cancer
colonoscopy when?
every 10 years after age 50
colorectal cancer
colectomy
part of colon removed
colorectal cancer
abdominoperineal resection
removal of colon, anus, rectum
colorectal cancer
greatest risk factor for bladder cancer
smoking - nicotine irritates lining
ileal conduit
piece of ileum turned into a bladder, ureters placed on one end, other end is brought to abdominal surface as stoma
major symptom of bladder cancer
painless intermittent gross/microscopic hematuria
benign prostatic hyperplasia s/s
hesitancy, frequency, frequent infection (bladder not completely emptied), nocturia, urgency, dribbling
- many men are asymptomatic
- men with prostate cancer present this way
most common sign of prostate cancer
painless hematuria
diagnostic lab for prostate cancer & when
PSA, less than 4 ng/mL
with 2+ 1st degree relatives who had prostate cancer, start testing at age 45
radical prostatectomy
take out prostate = removal of cancer (localized prostate cancer)
may have ED due to pudendal nerve damage, incontinence
most popular prostatic surgery in the S
TURP - transurethral resection of the prostate
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate - for BPH (helps urine flow) and prostate cancer (not a cure)
- symptomatic relief of sx
- allows urine to flow out
no incision, bleeding normal after surgery, continuous bladder irrigation to maintain patency and flush out clots
bacterium associated with stomach cancer
H Pylori
higher instance of stomach cancer in people with x2
pernicious anemia
achlorhydria
female: self-breast exam over age 20 frequency
monthly
women
clinical breast exam
- over age 40 frequency
- age 20-39 frequency
yearly
every 3 years
pelvic exam and pap smears: frequency
annually
every 3 years with no problem
women
mammogram frequency and at what age?
yearly starting at age 40
men and women!
colonoscopy: when and frequency
every 10 years starting at age 50
men: self-breast exam frequency
monthly
testicular exams when?
monthly - tumors grow rapidly
digital rectal exam and PSA: age and frequency
for men over age 50, yearly
brachytherapy
internal radiation - radioactive source is inside the client
sealed vs unsealed
unsealed brachytherapy
client and body fluid emit radiation for 24-48 hours
given IV or PO
sealed brachytherapy
client emits radiation, body fluids not radioactive
implanted close to/in tumor - does emit radiation to general environment
teleptherapy
external radiation/beam therapy
don’t forget that clients with brachytherapy are…
IMMUNOSUPPRESSED!
if brachytherapy implant becomes dislodged do what?
- put on gloves
- use forceps/tongs to pick up
- place in lead-lined container
- call environmental services
chemotherapy basics
works on cell cycle
usually scheduled q3-4 weeks
most drugs given IV via port, absorb through skin and mucus membranes
vesicant chemo
type that will cause tissue necrosis upon extravasation
if chemo extravasation think
VASOCONSTRICTION: cold - prevent spread
for chemo patients, slight increase in temp may mean
SEPSIS! can just be low grade!
most important lab value for chemo patients
absolute neutrophil count
risk factors for cervical cancer
#1: HPV multiple sexual partner, repeated STD, smoking/exposure to second hand smoke, dietary factors, prolonged hormonal therapy, family history, immunosuppression, sex and/or first pregnancy at young age, multiple pregnancies
test to diagnose cervical cancer
pap smear
conization
remove part of cervix
cervical cancer
uterine cancer risk factors
50+ estrogen therapy without progesterone family hx late menopause no pregnancy (infertility increases risk)
major symptom of uterine cancer
post-menopausalbleeding
uterine cancer aka
endometrial cancer
CA-125 blood test
rules out ovarian involvement with uterine cancer
most definitive diagnostic test for uterine cancer
D&C and endometrial biopsy
total abdominal hysterectomy
uterus and cervix removed
oophorectomy
ovaries removed
salpingectomy
fallopian tubes removed
why do you avoid high fowler’s position in post-hysterectomy client?
blood goes to pelvis
breast cancer risk increases 3 fold if
1st degree relative had pre-menopausal breast cancer
breast cancer risk factors
high dose radiation to thorax before age 20, period before age 12, menopause after age 50, no pregnancy, first birth greater than 30 years old
48% of breast tumors occur here
Tail of Spence (upper outer quadrant by axilla)
breast tumors depend on what hormone?
estrogen
leading cause of cancer death worldwide
lung
lobectomy
take out part of lung
- chest tubes, surgical side up
pneumonectomy
whole lung taken out
- position on affected side (surgical side down, good lung up)
- no chest tubes (no pleural space)
- avoid severe lateral positioning to avoid mediastinal shift
surgical treatment for laryngeal cancer
total laryngectomy (removal of vocal cords, epiglottis, thyroid, cartilage) + permanent tracheostomy (stoma in neck not oropharynx)
