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Board review > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Direct acting carcinogens

A

Initiators

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2
Q

Modify DNA

A

Initiators

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3
Q

Need metabolic conversion to form active carcinogen

A

Procarcinogen

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4
Q

Cause cellular proliferation of mutated cells

A

Promotors

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5
Q

Nitrosamines

A

Gastric Cancer

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6
Q

Smoking

A

Lung Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

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7
Q

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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8
Q

Asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

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9
Q

Chromium

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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10
Q

Nickel

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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11
Q

Arsenic

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

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12
Q

Vinyl Chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

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13
Q

Aromatic amine

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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14
Q

Azo dyes

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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15
Q

Alkalating agent

A

Leukemia

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16
Q

Benzene

A

Leukemia

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17
Q

Napthylamine

A

Bladder cancer

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18
Q

Screening for potential carcinogen

A

Ames test

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19
Q

Most common UV

A

UVA

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20
Q

Most dangerous UV

A

UVC

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21
Q

Most carcinogenic UV

A

UVB

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22
Q

Produced by UVB that causes transcriptional errors and mutation

A

Pyrimidine dimers

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23
Q

Inc risk of skin cancer due to defect in DNA repair

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum (PIX)

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24
Q

Cross linking and chain breaks

A

Ionizing radiation

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25
Q

Most sensitive to ionizing radiation

A

Mitosis or G2

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26
Q

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV1)

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

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27
Q

Hep B virus

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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28
Q

EBV

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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29
Q

HPV 16,18

A

Cervical cancer

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30
Q

Herpes virus 8

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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31
Q

Most neoplasm arise

A

Epithelium

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32
Q

Prevents damaged DNA from entering S phase

A

p53

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33
Q

Requires appropriate signal to permit entry to S phase

A

Rb gene

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34
Q

Both genes must be inactivated for oncogenesis

A

Two hit hypothesis

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35
Q

Familial retinoblastoma

A

Rb on chr 13

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36
Q

Li Fraumeni Syndrome

A

p53 on ch 17

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37
Q

Anti apoptosis

A

bcl-2

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38
Q

Over expressed bcl -2

A

Follicular lymphoma

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39
Q

Gene for cellular proliferation

A

C-myc

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40
Q

Ca assoc with C-myc

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma t(8:14)

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41
Q

Childhood tumor

A

Neuroectoderm

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42
Q

Cushing triad

A

Systemic HTN
Bradycardia
Irregular respiration

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43
Q

Most common symptom of CNS tumor

A

Headache

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44
Q

Obliteration of disc margins

Absent central vein pulsation

A

Papilledema

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45
Q

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A

Medulloblastoma

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46
Q

Most common site of medulloblastoma

A

Cerebellar vermis

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47
Q

Pedia, infratentorial, ataxia

A

Medulloblastoma

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48
Q

Origin of medulloblastoma

A

Neuroblasts

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49
Q

Homer wright rosettes

A

Medulloblastoma

Neuroblastoma

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50
Q

Most common primary brain tumor

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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51
Q

Astrocytoma WHO grade I

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

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52
Q

Astrocytoma WHO grade IV

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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53
Q

Astrocytoma WHO grade II

A

Diffuse astrocytoma

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54
Q

Astrocytoma WHO grade III

A

Anaplastic astrocytoma

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55
Q

Most aggressive primary brain tumor

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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56
Q

Spread of tumor across corpus callosum

A

Butterfly pattern

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57
Q

Butterfly pattern

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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58
Q

Glial cells with areas of necrotizing tissue surrounded by anaplastic cells

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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59
Q

Pallisading formation

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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60
Q

Increased mitotic activity
Microvascular proliferation
Necrosis

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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61
Q

Glial fibrillation acidic protein (GFAP) positive

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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62
Q

Irregular hypodense lesion with a peripheral ring like zone on CT

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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63
Q

Study of choice for Glioblastoma Multiforme

A

MRI

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64
Q

Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme

A

Surgical resection
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

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65
Q

Preferred chemotherapeutic drug for Glioblastoma Multiforme

A

Timozolamide

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66
Q

Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

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67
Q

Most common site of Ependymoma

A

Roof and floor of 4th ventricle

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68
Q

Hormone secreted by Pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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69
Q

Limited upward gaze
Accommodative spasms
Light near dissociation of pupils

A

Parinaud Syndrome

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70
Q

Vertical gaze palsy

Increased intracranial pressure

A

Pineal tumor

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71
Q

Fried egg appearance

A

Oligodendroglioma

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72
Q

Chicken wire blood vessels

A

Oligodendroglioma

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73
Q

Most common site of Oligodendroglioma

A

Frontal lobe

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74
Q

Intracranial tumor with calcification

A

Oligodendroglioma

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75
Q

Neonate with brain calcification

A

Toxoplasmosis

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76
Q

Most benign brain tumor

A

Pituitary adenoma

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77
Q

Most common functioning Pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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78
Q

Microadenomas

A
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79
Q

Macroadenomas

A

> 1cm

80
Q

Most common affected structure of pituitary adenoma

A

Optic chiasm

81
Q

Most common presentation of optic chiasm involvement

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

82
Q

Amenorrhea

Galactorrhea

A

Prolactinoma

83
Q

Drug of choice for Prolactinoma

A

Bromocriptine

84
Q

Extra-axial calcified cystic tumor derived from Rathke’s pouch

A

Craniopharyngioma

85
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary

A

Rathke’s pouch

86
Q

Cyst with machine oil-like fluid

A

Craniopharyngioma

87
Q

Prechiasmal

A

Optic atrophy

88
Q

Retrochiasmal

A

Hydrocephalus

89
Q

Headache

Endocrinopathy

A

Intrasellacraniopharyngioma

90
Q

Origin of Meningioma

A

Meningothelial cells

91
Q

Benign adult tumor with DURAL attachment

A

Meningioma

92
Q

Dural tail sign

A

Meningioma

93
Q

Whorls of calcium

A

Psammoma bodies

94
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Papillary thyroid Ca
Meningioma
Serous Cystadenoma of the Ovary

95
Q

Common in HIV and AIDS

A

Primary CNS Lymphoma

96
Q

Most common site of CNS Lymphoma

A

Deep periventricular region

97
Q

Perivascular reticulin loops

A

Primary CNS Lymphoma

98
Q

Round well demarcated lesions with extensive zone of edema

A

Brain metastasis

99
Q

Drug for brain edema due to tumors

A

Dexamethasone

100
Q

Systemic Ca that metastasize to the brain

Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia

A 
Lung
Breast
Skin
Kidney
GIT
101
Q

Single most important test in evaluation of thyroid mass

A

FNAB

102
Q

Most common malignancy of the endocrine system

A

Thyroid carcinoma

103
Q

Most common thyroid cancer

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

104
Q

Ground glass nuclei

A

Orphan annie eyes

105
Q

Psamomma bodies

Orphan annie eyes

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

106
Q

Iodine deficient regions

Higher mortality

A

Follicular thyroid carcinoma

107
Q

Hurthle cell

A

Follicular thyroid carcinoma

108
Q

Hypothyroid

Autoimmune

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

109
Q

Hyperthyroid

Autoimmune

A

Grave’s disease

110
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Rapidly enlarging
Sensitive to radiation

A

Thyroid Lymphoma

111
Q

Most common thyroid lymphoma

A

Diffuse large cell lymphoma

112
Q

Marker for recurrent Medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Calcitonin

113
Q

RET mutation

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

114
Q

Most common site of breast cancers

A

Upper outer quadrant

115
Q

Screening mammography

A

50 years old

116
Q

Breast cancer with worst prognosis

A

Inflammatory breast cancer

117
Q

Invasion of dermal lymphatics

A

Peau d’ orange

118
Q

Screening for at risk of breast cancer

A

35 years old

119
Q

Cookie cutter spaces

A

Non Comedo DCIS

120
Q

Major circulating androgen

A

Testosterone

121
Q

BPH

A

Transition zone

122
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Peripheral zone

123
Q

Enzyme present in prostatic secretion

A

Acid phosphatase

124
Q

Most common malignancy in women

A

Breast cancer

125
Q

Prostate cancer screening

A

50 years old
PSA
DRE

126
Q

Prostate cancer screening for at risk population

A

45 years old

127
Q

Malignant hepatoma

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

128
Q

Most common primary malignancy of the liver

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

129
Q

Most common malignancy of the liver

A

Metastasis

130
Q

Aflatoxin B1

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

131
Q

Most common symptom of Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Abdominal pain

132
Q

Most common sign of Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatomegaly

133
Q

Hepatic vein thrombosis

A

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

134
Q

Mucin producing adenocarcinoma

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

135
Q

Most common site of Cholangiocarcinoma

A

Hilar or central

136
Q

Clonorchis sinensis or Chinese liver fluke

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

137
Q

Tumor at the hepatic duct junction

A

Klatskin tumor

138
Q

Most common liver tumor of childhood

A

Hepatoblastoma

139
Q

Treatment of hepatoblastoma

A

Chemotherapy

Resection

140
Q

Serologic assays for Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Alpha-feto protein (AFP)

Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP)

141
Q

More specific Tumor marker for Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

AFP L3

142
Q

Dye retained in the tumor used for diagnostic CT

A

Ethiodol

143
Q

Gold standard for pathologic diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Core liver biopsy

144
Q

Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score (BAIAE)

A 
Bilirubin 
Albumin
INR
Ascites 
Encephalopathy
145
Q

Salt and pepper chromatin

A

Pheochromocytoma

146
Q

Most abundant cell in Pheochromocytoma

A

Chromaffin cells

147
Q

Secreted by chromaffin cells

A

Catecholamines (Epi, NorE)

148
Q

Catecholamine metabolite

A

VMA

149
Q

Neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

150
Q

Extra adrenal source

A

Organs of Zuckerkandl

151
Q

Dominant sign in Pheochromocytoma

A

Hypertension

152
Q

Cornerstone for diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma

A

Catecholamine excess

153
Q

Most sensitive for the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma

A

Metanephrine

154
Q

Drug of choice for Pheochromocytoma

A

Phenoxybenzamine

155
Q

Gene alteration in colon cancer

A

APC gene

156
Q

Premalignant colonic lesion

A

Villous adenoma

157
Q

Most common colonic lesion

A

Tubular adenoma

158
Q

Streptococcus bogus bacteremia

A

Colon cancer

159
Q

Prophylaxis for Colon cancer

A

Aspirin

NSAIDs

160
Q

Most common site of colon cancer

A

Sigmoid

161
Q

Right sided colon cancer

A

Anemia

162
Q

Most commonly perforated part of the colon

A

Cecum

163
Q

Radiologic finding of colon ca

A

Apple core or napkin ring

164
Q

Chemotherapeutic drug of choice for Colon Cancer

A

5-FU

165
Q

Monoclonal antibody used for colon cancer

A

Irinotectan

166
Q

Drug of choice for choriocarcinoma

A

Methotrexate

167
Q

Inhibits thymidilate synthase

A

5-FU

168
Q

Inhibits dihyrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate

169
Q

Decrease toxicity of methotrexate

Increase effect of 5-FU

A

Leucovorin

170
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of gastric cancer

A

Endoscopy

171
Q

E-cadherin gene

A

Diffuse type Gastric cancer

172
Q

Diffuse infiltrative Gastric cancer

A

Linitis Plastica

173
Q

Most common symptom of gastric cancer

A

Weight loss

174
Q

Most common site of metastasis of gastric cancer

A

Liver

175
Q

Control GI peristalsis

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

176
Q

Gastric GIST
Paraganglioma
Pulmonary chondroma

A

Carney’s triad

177
Q

C-kit

A

GIST

178
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

A

Carcinoid

179
Q

Secreted by enterochromaffin cells

A

Serotonin

180
Q

Metabolite of Serotonin

A

5-HIAA (Hydroxy-Indole acetic acid)

181
Q

Oat Cell Lung Ca

A

ACTH

ADH

182
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs

A

PTH

183
Q

Most common cancer of non smokers, young, and women

A

Adenocarcinoma

184
Q

Lung cancer

A

RAS

185
Q

Adenocarcinoma of non smokers

A

Tyrosine kinase domain

186
Q

Non small cell carcinoma

A

EGFR

187
Q

Over expression means poor prognosis

A

VEGF

188
Q

Cough

Hemoptysis

A

Central growth

189
Q

Pleuritic pain

A

Peripheral

190
Q

Local extension of tumor from lung apex involving C8, T1-2

A

Pancoast tumor

191
Q

Pancoast tumor

A

Horner’s Syndrome

192
Q

Coin lesion

A

Hamartoma

193
Q

Most common intraocular malignancy of childhood

A

Retinoblastoma

194
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Embryonic neural retina

195
Q

RB1 gene

A

Retinoblastoma

196
Q

Flexner wintersteiner rosettes

A

Retinoblastoma

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