Oncology Flashcards
1
Q
Direct acting carcinogens
A
Initiators
2
Q
Modify DNA
A
Initiators
3
Q
Need metabolic conversion to form active carcinogen
A
Procarcinogen
4
Q
Cause cellular proliferation of mutated cells
A
Promotors
5
Q
Nitrosamines
A
Gastric Cancer
6
Q
Smoking
A
Lung Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
7
Q
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
A
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
8
Q
Asbestos
A
Mesothelioma
9
Q
Chromium
A
Bronchogenic carcinoma
10
Q
Nickel
A
Bronchogenic carcinoma
11
Q
Arsenic
A
Angiosarcoma of the liver
12
Q
Vinyl Chloride
A
Angiosarcoma of the liver
13
Q
Aromatic amine
A
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
14
Q
Azo dyes
A
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
15
Q
Alkalating agent
A
Leukemia
16
Q
Benzene
A
Leukemia
17
Q
Napthylamine
A
Bladder cancer
18
Q
Screening for potential carcinogen
A
Ames test
19
Q
Most common UV
A
UVA
20
Q
Most dangerous UV
A
UVC
21
Q
Most carcinogenic UV
A
UVB
22
Q
Produced by UVB that causes transcriptional errors and mutation
A
Pyrimidine dimers
23
Q
Inc risk of skin cancer due to defect in DNA repair
A
Xeroderma pigmentosum (PIX)
24
Q
Cross linking and chain breaks
A
Ionizing radiation
25
Most sensitive to ionizing radiation
Mitosis or G2
26
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV1)
Leukemia/lymphoma
27
Hep B virus
Hepatocellular carcinoma
28
EBV
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
29
HPV 16,18
Cervical cancer
30
Herpes virus 8
Kaposi sarcoma
31
Most neoplasm arise
Epithelium
32
Prevents damaged DNA from entering S phase
p53
33
Requires appropriate signal to permit entry to S phase
Rb gene
34
Both genes must be inactivated for oncogenesis
Two hit hypothesis
35
Familial retinoblastoma
Rb on chr 13
36
Li Fraumeni Syndrome
p53 on ch 17
37
Anti apoptosis
bcl-2
38
Over expressed bcl -2
Follicular lymphoma
39
Gene for cellular proliferation
C-myc
40
Ca assoc with C-myc
Burkitt's lymphoma t(8:14)
41
Childhood tumor
Neuroectoderm
42
Cushing triad
Systemic HTN
Bradycardia
Irregular respiration
43
Most common symptom of CNS tumor
Headache
44
Obliteration of disc margins
| Absent central vein pulsation
Papilledema
45
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor
Medulloblastoma
46
Most common site of medulloblastoma
Cerebellar vermis
47
Pedia, infratentorial, ataxia
Medulloblastoma
48
Origin of medulloblastoma
Neuroblasts
49
Homer wright rosettes
Medulloblastoma
| Neuroblastoma
50
Most common primary brain tumor
Glioblastoma Multiforme
51
Astrocytoma WHO grade I
Pilocytic astrocytoma
52
Astrocytoma WHO grade IV
Glioblastoma Multiforme
53
Astrocytoma WHO grade II
Diffuse astrocytoma
54
Astrocytoma WHO grade III
Anaplastic astrocytoma
55
Most aggressive primary brain tumor
Glioblastoma Multiforme
56
Spread of tumor across corpus callosum
Butterfly pattern
57
Butterfly pattern
Glioblastoma Multiforme
58
Glial cells with areas of necrotizing tissue surrounded by anaplastic cells
Glioblastoma Multiforme
59
Pallisading formation
Glioblastoma Multiforme
60
Increased mitotic activity
Microvascular proliferation
Necrosis
Glioblastoma Multiforme
61
Glial fibrillation acidic protein (GFAP) positive
Glioblastoma Multiforme
62
Irregular hypodense lesion with a peripheral ring like zone on CT
Glioblastoma Multiforme
63
Study of choice for Glioblastoma Multiforme
MRI
64
Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme
Surgical resection
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
65
Preferred chemotherapeutic drug for Glioblastoma Multiforme
Timozolamide
66
Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles
Ependymal cells
67
Most common site of Ependymoma
Roof and floor of 4th ventricle
68
Hormone secreted by Pineal gland
Melatonin
69
Limited upward gaze
Accommodative spasms
Light near dissociation of pupils
Parinaud Syndrome
70
Vertical gaze palsy
| Increased intracranial pressure
Pineal tumor
71
Fried egg appearance
Oligodendroglioma
72
Chicken wire blood vessels
Oligodendroglioma
73
Most common site of Oligodendroglioma
Frontal lobe
74
Intracranial tumor with calcification
Oligodendroglioma
75
Neonate with brain calcification
Toxoplasmosis
76
Most benign brain tumor
Pituitary adenoma
77
Most common functioning Pituitary adenoma
Prolactinoma
78
Microadenomas
79
Macroadenomas
>1cm
80
Most common affected structure of pituitary adenoma
Optic chiasm
81
Most common presentation of optic chiasm involvement
Bitemporal hemianopsia
82
Amenorrhea
| Galactorrhea
Prolactinoma
83
Drug of choice for Prolactinoma
Bromocriptine
84
Extra-axial calcified cystic tumor derived from Rathke's pouch
Craniopharyngioma
85
Origin of anterior pituitary
Rathke's pouch
86
Cyst with machine oil-like fluid
Craniopharyngioma
87
Prechiasmal
Optic atrophy
88
Retrochiasmal
Hydrocephalus
89
Headache
| Endocrinopathy
Intrasellacraniopharyngioma
90
Origin of Meningioma
Meningothelial cells
91
Benign adult tumor with DURAL attachment
Meningioma
92
Dural tail sign
Meningioma
93
Whorls of calcium
Psammoma bodies
94
Psammoma bodies
Papillary thyroid Ca
Meningioma
Serous Cystadenoma of the Ovary
95
Common in HIV and AIDS
Primary CNS Lymphoma
96
Most common site of CNS Lymphoma
Deep periventricular region
97
Perivascular reticulin loops
Primary CNS Lymphoma
98
Round well demarcated lesions with extensive zone of edema
Brain metastasis
99
Drug for brain edema due to tumors
Dexamethasone
100
Systemic Ca that metastasize to the brain
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
```
Lung
Breast
Skin
Kidney
GIT
```
101
Single most important test in evaluation of thyroid mass
FNAB
102
Most common malignancy of the endocrine system
Thyroid carcinoma
103
Most common thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
104
Ground glass nuclei
Orphan annie eyes
105
Psamomma bodies
| Orphan annie eyes
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
106
Iodine deficient regions
| Higher mortality
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
107
Hurthle cell
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
108
Hypothyroid
| Autoimmune
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
109
Hyperthyroid
| Autoimmune
Grave's disease
110
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Rapidly enlarging
Sensitive to radiation
Thyroid Lymphoma
111
Most common thyroid lymphoma
Diffuse large cell lymphoma
112
Marker for recurrent Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin
113
RET mutation
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
114
Most common site of breast cancers
Upper outer quadrant
115
Screening mammography
50 years old
116
Breast cancer with worst prognosis
Inflammatory breast cancer
117
Invasion of dermal lymphatics
Peau d' orange
118
Screening for at risk of breast cancer
35 years old
119
Cookie cutter spaces
Non Comedo DCIS
120
Major circulating androgen
Testosterone
121
BPH
Transition zone
122
Prostate cancer
Peripheral zone
123
Enzyme present in prostatic secretion
Acid phosphatase
124
Most common malignancy in women
Breast cancer
125
Prostate cancer screening
50 years old
PSA
DRE
126
Prostate cancer screening for at risk population
45 years old
127
Malignant hepatoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
128
Most common primary malignancy of the liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma
129
Most common malignancy of the liver
Metastasis
130
Aflatoxin B1
Hepatocellular carcinoma
131
Most common symptom of Hepatocellular carcinoma
Abdominal pain
132
Most common sign of Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatomegaly
133
Hepatic vein thrombosis
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
134
Mucin producing adenocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
135
Most common site of Cholangiocarcinoma
Hilar or central
136
Clonorchis sinensis or Chinese liver fluke
Cholangiocarcinoma
137
Tumor at the hepatic duct junction
Klatskin tumor
138
Most common liver tumor of childhood
Hepatoblastoma
139
Treatment of hepatoblastoma
Chemotherapy
| Resection
140
Serologic assays for Hepatocellular carcinoma
Alpha-feto protein (AFP)
| Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP)
141
More specific Tumor marker for Hepatocellular carcinoma
AFP L3
142
Dye retained in the tumor used for diagnostic CT
Ethiodol
143
Gold standard for pathologic diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma
Core liver biopsy
144
Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score (BAIAE)
```
Bilirubin
Albumin
INR
Ascites
Encephalopathy
```
145
Salt and pepper chromatin
Pheochromocytoma
146
Most abundant cell in Pheochromocytoma
Chromaffin cells
147
Secreted by chromaffin cells
Catecholamines (Epi, NorE)
148
Catecholamine metabolite
VMA
149
Neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
150
Extra adrenal source
Organs of Zuckerkandl
151
Dominant sign in Pheochromocytoma
Hypertension
152
Cornerstone for diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine excess
153
Most sensitive for the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma
Metanephrine
154
Drug of choice for Pheochromocytoma
Phenoxybenzamine
155
Gene alteration in colon cancer
APC gene
156
Premalignant colonic lesion
Villous adenoma
157
Most common colonic lesion
Tubular adenoma
158
Streptococcus bogus bacteremia
Colon cancer
159
Prophylaxis for Colon cancer
Aspirin
| NSAIDs
160
Most common site of colon cancer
Sigmoid
161
Right sided colon cancer
Anemia
162
Most commonly perforated part of the colon
Cecum
163
Radiologic finding of colon ca
Apple core or napkin ring
164
Chemotherapeutic drug of choice for Colon Cancer
5-FU
165
Monoclonal antibody used for colon cancer
Irinotectan
166
Drug of choice for choriocarcinoma
Methotrexate
167
Inhibits thymidilate synthase
5-FU
168
Inhibits dihyrofolate reductase
Methotrexate
169
Decrease toxicity of methotrexate
| Increase effect of 5-FU
Leucovorin
170
Gold standard for diagnosis of gastric cancer
Endoscopy
171
E-cadherin gene
Diffuse type Gastric cancer
172
Diffuse infiltrative Gastric cancer
Linitis Plastica
173
Most common symptom of gastric cancer
Weight loss
174
Most common site of metastasis of gastric cancer
Liver
175
Control GI peristalsis
Interstitial cells of Cajal
176
Gastric GIST
Paraganglioma
Pulmonary chondroma
Carney's triad
177
C-kit
GIST
178
Enterochromaffin cells
Carcinoid
179
Secreted by enterochromaffin cells
Serotonin
180
Metabolite of Serotonin
5-HIAA (Hydroxy-Indole acetic acid)
181
Oat Cell Lung Ca
ACTH
| ADH
182
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs
PTH
183
Most common cancer of non smokers, young, and women
Adenocarcinoma
184
Lung cancer
RAS
185
Adenocarcinoma of non smokers
Tyrosine kinase domain
186
Non small cell carcinoma
EGFR
187
Over expression means poor prognosis
VEGF
188
Cough
| Hemoptysis
Central growth
189
Pleuritic pain
Peripheral
190
Local extension of tumor from lung apex involving C8, T1-2
Pancoast tumor
191
Pancoast tumor
Horner's Syndrome
192
Coin lesion
Hamartoma
193
Most common intraocular malignancy of childhood
Retinoblastoma
194
Retinoblastoma
Embryonic neural retina
195
RB1 gene
Retinoblastoma
196
Flexner wintersteiner rosettes
Retinoblastoma
