Oncology Flashcards
1
Q
What is cancer
A
- uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells (malignant, neoplasms, tumor, carinoma)
2
Q
Dysplasia
A
- bad formation
- dysfunctional cells grow
3
Q
Metaplasia
A
- cells grow in the wrong place and grow out of control
4
Q
Hyperplasia
A
- increase in number of cells
5
Q
Tumor:
1. adenoma
2. adenocarcinoma
3. sarcome
A
- non-cancerous
- cancer develops in glandular epithelial cells
- cancer develops in mesenchymal cells (muscle/bone etc)
6
Q
Incidence of cancers
A
- most common diagnosis = breast cancer/prostate cancer
- most commonly causing death = lung cancer
7
Q
Risk factors for cancer
A
- age
- previous cancer
- lifestyle
- viral exposure (Epstein-bar, H-pylori, herpes)
- unsafe sex
- urban air pollution
- smok
- tabaco
- alcohol
- obesity
8
Q
Patters of pain referral
A
- Somatic
- visceral
- neuropathic
9
Q
Somatic pain referrals
- C7-T5
- Shoulder
- L1-L2
- Hip joint
- pharynx
- TMJ:
A
lesion site to referral site
- C7-T5 = inter scapular area/posterior shoulder
- Shoulder = neck/upper back
- L1-L2 = SI joint/hip
- Hip joint = SI and knee
- pharynx = Ips. ear
- TMJ: head, neck and heart
10
Q
Visceral pain referrals:
- diagphragmatic
- heart
- urotherial tract
- pancreas/liver/spleen
- peritoneal/abdominal cavity
A
- diaphragmatic irritation = shoulder/lumbar spin
- heart: above diaphragm
- urotherial tract = back, inguinal region, anterior thigh and genitalia
- pancreas, liver, spleen, gallbladder = shoulder, mid thoracic, low back
- peritoneal or abdominal cavity = hip pain from abscess of poses or obturator muscles
11
Q
Neuropathic pain referral
A
- Nerve or plexus = anywhere in distribution of peripheral nerve
- nerver root = dermatome
- CNS: anywhere in region of body innervated b damaged structure
12
Q
Childhood cancers
A
- Most common malignancies = ALL, non-hodgkin lymphoma, and primary CNS tumors
- neuroblastoma is the most common extra cranial solid tumor in children(mass of cells established in one area)
- rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma and the seventh leading cause of cancer in children
- incidence peaks between 2-5 years and 15-19 years
13
Q
Prognosis for cancers
A
- varies
- about 65% of all people have 5 year survival rate
- a significantly lower survival rate in African American mean
- modified Barthel index can provide important predictions about the length of time until death
14
Q
Neoplasm ways to classifications and stage
A
- original cell type
- staging system
- the tumor, node, metatases system (TNM)
- variety of systems
15
Q
staging system for classifying and staging neoplasms
A
- specific for each type of cancer
16
Q
The tumor, node, metastases TNM system
A
- used most often for solid tumors
- adapted for other types of tumors
- tumor size: 0-4
- node - regional lymph node involvement: 0-4
- metastases - 0 (no) or 1(yes)
17
Q
- Variety of systems
in reguards to grading of cancers
A
- grading 1-4 is another way
- classifies the degree of malignancy and differentiation of malignant cells
- ann arbor staging for lymphomas - Hodgkins and non-hidgkin
18
Q
Original cell type classification of cancer cells
A
- look at table 9.1
19
Q
Staging and grading system (describe)
A
- stage 0 = carcinoma in situ (there/not invading)
- stage 1: early stage, cancer is usually localized to primary organ
- stage 2: increase risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade
- stage 3: local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
- stage 4: cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
20
Q
Metastases
A
- spread from primary site
- most common sites: lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, and brain
- seed = cancer cell
- soil = host environment
- can aim treatment at either the seed or soil
21
Q
Pulmonary mets
- first symptoms
A
- most common of all metastatic tumors
- a dry, persistent cough is often the first symptom
- pleural invasion: pain or SOB
22
Q
Hepatic system mets
- common with
- symptoms
A
- primary metastatic site for tumors of the stomach, colorectal and pancreas
- symptoms: abdominal or right UQ pain, general malaise and fatigue anorexia, early satiety and weight loss and sometime low grade fever
- skewed blood work
23
Q
Skeletal system and cancers
A
- bone metastases: osteolytic/osteoblastic (affect breakdown or laying down)
- the axial Skelton is most commonly involved
- pain: deep, worsened by activity, esp. WBing
- pathological fxs: without MOI
- hypercalcemia
24
Q
Brain CNS mets/tumors
A
- life threatening and emotionally debilitating
- increase intracranial pressure, obstruct the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid
- change mentation and contribute to cognitive impairments
- reduce sensory and motor function
- most common met = lung cancer
25
Q
Spinal cord tumors
A
- earliest neurological symptoms include: gradual onset of distal weakness and sensory changes, including numbness, paresthesias, and coldness
- progressive central or radicular back pain often aggravated by recumbency, weight bearing, sneezing, coughing or valsalva maneuver
- sitting often provides relief
26
Q
primary prevention of cancer
A
- preventing disease from starting
- nutrigenomics
- chemoprevention
- cancer vaccines
27
Q
Secondary prevention of cancer
A
- screenings and check ups
- early detection and prompt treatment
- tends to better outcome sir caught early
28
Q
tertiary prevention for cancer
A
- prevent it from worsening
- managing symptoms
- limiting complications
- preventing disability
29
Q
Diagnosis of cancer
A
- lab values: tumor markers
- imaging: radiography, CT, MRI, endoscopy, isotope scan, mammography
- biopsy
30
Q
Primary neoplastic treatment modalities
A
- local methods: remove it/surgery or radiation therapy
- chemotherapy: primary = main treatment; neoadjuvant = before local methods; adjuvant = after local methods
- immunotherapy
31
Q
PT role with cancer
A
- physical examination
- determine patients goals
- exercise program: can help regulate production of certain hormones that when unregulated can lead to tumor growth
- energy conservation
- emergencies
- palliative care
32
Q
Exercise considerations with cancer patients
A
- fever
- extreme or unusual tiredness/fatigue
- unusual weakness
- irregular heart beat, palpations or chest pain
- sudden onset of dyspnea
- leg pain or cramps
- unusual joint pain
- recent or new-onset back, neck o bone pain
- unusual bruising, or bleeding
- sudden onset of nausea during exercise
- rapid weight gain or loss
- diarrhea or vomiting
- disorientation, confusion, dizziness, light-headedness
- lured vision or visual disturbances
- sin pallor or unusual skin rash
33
Q
oncologic emergencies
A
- superior vena cava syndrome
- tumor lysis syndrome
- cardiovascular effects
- emergent spinal cord compression
- severe thrombocytopenia
34
Q
Superior vena cave syndrome
A
- associated with small cell lung cancer and lymphoma
- caused by mediastinal metastasis and central lung lesions
- pressure on SVC causing jugular dissension and edema in head and neck
35
Q
Tumor lysis syndrome
A
- occurs often in myeloproliferative disorders
- chemo causes destruction of massive number of cells quickly
- acute renal failure
