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Medical Conditions 2 > Mental health > Flashcards

Mental health Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • GAD
  • persistent feeling of anxiety or dread that can interfere with daily life
  • restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating
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2
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • frequent and unexpected attacks
  • usually some type of trigger
  • can develop aversion to what triggered it
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3
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

fear of being watched or judged by others

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4
Q

Phobias:

A
  • intense fear or aversion to specific objects or situation
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5
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • 2 or more needed
  • public transport
  • confined spaces
  • open spaces
  • standing in line or crowd
  • being outside of home alone
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6
Q

separation anxiety

A
  • fear of being away from people they are close to
  • can be problematic with kids
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7
Q

selective mutism

A
  • fail to speak in specific social situations despite normal language skills
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8
Q

Anxiety disorder risk factors

A
  • genetic
  • environment
  • idopathic
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9
Q

Anxiety disorders treatment

A
  • psychotherapy
  • medications
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10
Q

Psychotherapy as a treatment for anxiety disorders

A
  • typically talking/working with a therapist
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
  • acceptance and commitment therapy: give your brain another way of interpreting things
  • support groups
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11
Q

Medications for anxiety disorders

A
  • antidepressants: prozac, Paxil, lexapro, Zoloft
  • anti-anxiety: SSRIs, benzodiazepines, buspirone
  • beta blockers
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12
Q

PT considerations with anxiety disorders

A
  • side effect of the medications
  • be aware of possible triggers
  • discuss strategies for coping with patient
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13
Q

Autism spectrum disorder: overview

A
  • neurological and developmental disorder
  • affects how people interact with others communicate, learn, and behave
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14
Q

Autism spectrum disorder: signs and symptoms

A
  • Little or inconsistent eye contact
  • lack of interest or sharing (flat responses)
  • no response or slow response to ones name or attempts to get attention
  • fascial expressions may not match emotions or situation
  • socially awkwardness
  • repetitive behaviors
  • strengths-auditory learning, remembering details, excelling in an area, math, science, muscic or art
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15
Q

Autism spectrum disorder: diagnosis

A
  • children- developmental screening during wellness visits
  • more thorough screening: neurological, cognitive abilities, language abilities, age, appropriate skills
  • blood tests, hearing tests
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16
Q

Autism spectrum disorder: treatment

A
  • based on specific needs
  • medications
  • behavioral psychology and educational interventions
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17
Q

PT considerations with Autism spectrum disorder:

A
  • be cognizant of possible communication and behavioral concerns
  • may see in early intervention pediatric clinics for specific strategies related to learning
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18
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

severely impacts ability to manage emotions

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19
Q

Borderline personality disorder: risk factors

A
  • genetic
  • environmental
  • social factors
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20
Q

Borderline personality disorder: signs and symptoms

A
  • intense mood swings
  • impulsivity
  • distorted self-image
  • unstable relationships
  • self-harming or suicidal behaviors or threats
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21
Q

Borderline personality disorder: diagnosis

A
  • usually late adolescence or early adulthood
  • psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker
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22
Q

Borderline personality disorder: treatment

A
  • psychotherapy: dialectical behavioral therapy (talk more specifically about what is going on) or cognitive behavioral therapy
  • Medications
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23
Q

Borderline personality disorder: PT considerations

A
  • watch for signs or self-harm or talk of suicide or hurting others
  • may ask about CBT or DBT strategies
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24
Q

Post Traumatic Stress disorder

A
  • may develop after experiencing a shocking, scary or dangerous event usually within 3 months following an event
  • can happen at any age
  • 6/100 people experience this at some point
  • Women>men
  • may recover in 6 months to a year or longer
  • may not realize what caused it at first
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25
Q

Post Traumatic Stress disorder: diagnosis

A

all of the following for at least one month
- 1 re-experiencing symptom
- 1 avoidance symptom
- 2 arousal and reactivity symptoms
- 2 cognition and mood symptoms (focusing thinking etc)

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26
Q

Post Traumatic Stress disorder signs and symptoms

Childrenunder 6 and then teens

A

Children younger than 6
- bed wetting
- forgetting how to talk
- acting scary
- unusually clingy
teenagers
- disruptive
- disrespectful
- destructive
- feelings of guilt
- thoughs of revenge

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27
Q

Post Traumatic Stress disorder: treatment

A
  • psychotherapy: exposure therapy, cognition restructuring
  • medications: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antidepressants
  • support groups: work really well if they are willing to talk
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28
Q

Post Traumatic Stress disorder: PT considerations

A
  • be ware of effects of medications, with for changes in behaviors and listen for expressions of self-harm, suicide or threats to others
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29
Q

Depression

A
  • can affect all ages, races, ethnicities, and genders
  • more common in women, LGBTQIA community, elderly, after life changing event or trauma
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30
Q

Diagnosis of depression

A
  • symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks that interfere with daily activities sleeping, eating, working
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31
Q

Persistent depressive disorders

A
  • less severe symptoms - longer duration (at least 2 years
32
Q

Perinatal depression

A
  • occurs during or after pregnancy
33
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A
  • comes and goes with seasons/time change
34
Q

depression with symptoms of psychosis

A
  • severe form of depression with delusions (disturbing, false beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things other do not)
35
Q

depression symptoms

A
  • sad
  • anxious
  • empty
  • hopelessness
  • loss of interest or withdrawal
  • restlessness or irritability
  • difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
  • change in appetite or unplanned weight
  • physical aches, pains
  • thought of death or suicide
36
Q

Depression treatment

A
  • psychotherapy
  • brain stimulation
  • medications: antidepressants (do not stop taking without talking to healthcare provider)
  • support groups
37
Q

PT considerations for depression

A
  • exercise helps
  • watch for reaction to medications
  • self harming
  • suicide threats or threats to others
38
Q

Bipolar disorder

A
  • characterized bye unusually shifts in a person’s mood, energy level
  • activity level and concentration
  • often diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood
39
Q

Types of bipolar disorder

A
  • bipolar 1 disorder
  • bipolar 2 disorder
  • cyclothymic disorder
40
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder

A
  • manic episodes last 7 days
  • may be severe requiring immediate hospitalization
  • depressive episodes 2 week s
41
Q

Bipolar 2 disorder

A
  • pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
42
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A
  • recurring hypomanic and depressive symptoms
  • not as intense or do not last long enough to fit other categories
43
Q

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

A
  • manic
  • depressive episodes
44
Q

Manic episodes with bipolar

A
  • felling very up, high, elated or extremely irritable or touchy,
  • decreased need for sleep, talking fast, racing thoughts, feeling able t do many things without getting tired,
  • excessive appetite for food, drinking, sec or other
  • feeling unusually important talented or powerful
45
Q

Depressive episodes with bipolar

A
  • feeling down, sad, or anxious
  • trouble falling asleep or waking up too early
  • sleeping too much
  • talking very slowly
  • difficulty finding things to say or forgetfulness
  • trouble concentrating or making decisions
  • lack of interest feeling hopeless, worthless, thought of death or suicide
46
Q

Diagnosis of bipolar disorder

A
  • history
  • rule out other possible causes
  • brain structure
  • genetics may play a role
47
Q

Bipolar disorders treatment

A
  1. Medications:
  • mood stabilizers: lithium, valproate, depakote
  • antipsychotics: risperidone, diazepine, aripirazole
  • antidepressants: prozac, Paxil, lexpro, Zoloft
  1. Psychotherapy:
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
  • interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
  • family-focused therapy
  1. brain stimulation
48
Q

PT considerations: Bipolar disorders

A
  • Medication side effects
  • recognizing changes
  • watching for signs of depression, suicide
49
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • effects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
  • usually diagnosed between ages of 16 and 30
50
Q

Risk factors: schizophrenia

A
  • genetics
  • environment
  • brain structure
  • function
51
Q

Schizophrenia: Symptoms

A
  • psychotic symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, movement disorder
  • negative symptoms: trouble planning activities, avoiding social interaction or awkward social interaction
  • cognitive symptoms: problems in attention, concentration and memory
52
Q

Schizophrenia; treatment

A
  • psychotherapy: CBT
  • education and support
  • coordinated specialty care program
  • assertive community treatment
  • medications: antipsychotic medications: clozapine, aldol
53
Q

PT considerations for schizophrenia

A
  • medication side effects
  • recognizing changes
  • watch for signs of depression, suicidee
54
Q

Eating disorders

A
  • not a lifestyle choice
  • can frequently appear in teen or young adult years
  • genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological and social links
55
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A
  • severely restrict food
  • altered sense of self-image
56
Q

Restrictive Anorexia nervosa

A
  • limit amount and type of food
57
Q

Binge-purge Anorexia nervosa

A
  • eat large quantities then purge or use laxatives or diuretics
58
Q

Anorexia nervosa symptoms

A
  • emaciation
  • fear of gaining weight
  • deny seriousness of low body weight
  • skin and hair changes
  • bone loss
  • low BP
  • slow pulse
  • cold all the time
  • slow breathing
  • brain damage
  • lethargy
  • infertility
  • multiorgan failure
59
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

eating unusually large amounts of food and have lack or control over eating
- compensate by vomiting
- use of laxatives, diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise

60
Q

Bulimia Nervosa symptoms

A
  • slightly underweight
  • chronic sore throat
  • swollen salivary glands
  • worn tooth enamel
  • tooth decay
  • acid reflux or GI problems
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalance
61
Q

Binge-eating disorder
- what is it and symptoms

A
  • overeat, but don’t compensate
  • symptoms: overweight, eat after full, eat alone or in secret, distressed or ashamed about eating, frequently dieting without weight loss
62
Q

Avoidant restrictive food intake

A
  • limit the amount or type of food eaten
  • normal body image
  • occurs in middle childhood
  • will not eat enough calories to grow and develop properly
63
Q

Symptoms of Avoidant restrictive food intake

A
  • restricted food calories
  • lack of appetite
  • dramatic weight loss
  • upset stomach or abdominal pain
  • other GI issues with no other explanation
64
Q

Eating disorder treatments

A
  • individual, group, and or family psychotherapy
  • medical care and monitoring
  • nutritional counseling
  • psychotherapy: CBT
  • medications: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers
65
Q

PT considerations for eating disorders

A
  • education about healthy lifestyle, monitor vitals, track weight
  • watch for signs of depression and suicide
  • know side effects of meds
66
Q

Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A
  • inattention: difficulty staying in task or focused, difficulty staying organized
  • hyperactivity: restlessness, tapping, talking, fidgeting
  • impulsivity: act without thinking
67
Q

Diagnosis ADHD

A
  • onset early as 3-6 usually identified during elementary school years
  • genetics play a role more common in males
68
Q

ADHD: Treatment

A
  • Medications: stimulants to increase brain dopamine and norepinephrine, non-stimulants such as antidepressants
  • psychotherapy: CGT, counseling for parents family , classroom behavioral therapy, stress management techniques
69
Q

PT considerations ADHD

A
  • monitor response to medication
  • structured activities
  • closer monitoring when needed
70
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A
  • person experiences uncontrolled (obsessions) and recurring thoughts engages in repetitive behaviors (compulsions) or both
71
Q

Risk factors for OCD

A
  • genetics
  • biology
  • temperament
  • childhood trauma
72
Q

Symptoms of OCD

A
  • obsessions of compulsions that can’t be controlled
  • may spend more than 1 hour a day on their obsessions and compulsions
  • associated with anxiety
73
Q

OCD treatment

A
  • psychotherapy CBT
  • exposure and response preventions therapy
  • deep brain stimulation
  • medications: antidepressants that target serotonin –selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
74
Q

Overall considerations for PT

A
  • listen without judgement
  • PLISSIT (permission, limited information, specific suggestions, intensive, therapy)
  • screening tool if suspect depression
  • assess risk of suicide or harm refer if needed
  • encourage appropriate professional help
  • encourage self help and other support strategies
  • stay healthy yourself
75
Q

Suicide warning signs

A
  • negative self view
  • hopelessness
  • isolation
  • aggressiveness/irritability
  • possessing lethal means
  • feeling like a burden to others
  • drastic mood and behavior
  • frequently talking about death
  • self harm
  • engaging risking behaviors
  • funeral arrangements
  • giving away things
  • substance abuse
  • making suicide threats
76
Q

what to do when someone appears to be in need of immediate assistance

A
  • call 988 suicide crisis lifeline

Medical Conditions 2 (22 decks)

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