GI system disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the upper GI tract
A
- mouth,
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
2
Q
What makes up the lower GI tract
A
- small and large intestines
3
Q
What are the effects of aging on the GI tract
A
- tooth decay/loss
- lose motility in GI tract = constipation
4
Q
S&S of GI disease
A
- nausea&vomiting (upper GI)
- abdominal pain
- Diarrhea, constipation and fecal incontinence (lower GI)
- achalasia: difficulty with esophageal emptying (autoimmune or innervation)
- GI bleeding (typically found in the stool)
- Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
- anorexia and anorexia-cachexia
5
Q
Hiatal Hernias
A
- when the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm becomes enlarged it allows the stomach to pass through into the thoracic cavity
- can be congenital or acquired
- acquired can be sliding or paraesophogeal
6
Q
How do sliding hiatal hernias form
A
- there is widening of the hiatal tunnel around esophagus
- increased abdominal pressure such as straining, acid reflux, vomiting can allow the gastoresophageal junction to pass above diaphragm
7
Q
How do paraesophageal hernias develop
A
- secondary due to surgery or trauma
- associated with laxity of gastrophrenic and gastrocolic ligaments
8
Q
What are lower abdomen hernias
A
- indirect inguinal: most common, congenital or acquired, intestine protrudes into the inguinal canal
- direct inguinal: acquired from lifting or straining; goes through inguinal ligament
- Femoral: loop of intestine goes through the femoral ligament
- umbilical: Goes through the abdominal muscle
- incisional: goes through an incision
9
Q
Signs and symptoms of hernias
A
- heart burn
- difficulty swallowing
- treatment is to stay elevated especially after eating
10
Q
Gastritis:
A
- inflammation of the stomach
- diagnosis of exclusion of other conditions
- often follows infection
11
Q
Gastritis: pathophysiology/S&S
A
- Inflammation of the stomach lining
- acute or chronic
- associated with H pylori, ulcers and cancers
- epigastric pain with feeling of distention
- loss of appetite
- nausea
12
Q
Gastritis: management
Dx/Tx
A
- H pylori breath test
- blood teat
- stool test
- upper endoscopy
- Upper GI test
- Tx: depends on the cause
13
Q
Peritonitis:
A
- peritoneum
- can be caused if appendicitis ruptures
14
Q
Peritonitis: pathophysiology/S&S
A
- inflammation of serous membrane lining walls of abdominal cavity
- forms adhesions and causes destruction
- decreases intestinal motility and causes intestinal distention with gas
- initially presents with fatigue and generalized abdominal pain
- progress to acute abdomen and severe abdominal pain
15
Q
Peritonitis: management
Diganosis and treatment
A
- abdominal exam
- blood test
- paracentesis
- tx: antibiotics surgical drainage and debridement and supportive measures
16
Q
Appendicitis: S&S
A
- abdominal pain (RLQ) with anorexia
- nausea/vomiting
- low-grade fever
- RLQ point tenderness at McBurney’s point
- pinch inch test: for peritonitis if pain when skin fold strikes the peritoneum
- elevated WBC >20,000 mm3 suggests rupture
17
Q
Appendicitis: management
A
- US
- CT scan
- Tx: surgery
18
Q
Cholecystitis
A
- inflammation of the gallbladder
19
Q
Cholecystitis: pathophysiology/Symptoms
A
- gallstones
- tumor
- blockage of bile duct
- infection
- illness
Symptoms
- serere pain in your upper right of center abdomen or right shoulder of back
- tenderness over your abdomen when its touched
- nausea/vomiting
- fever
20
Q
Cholecystitis management
A
- US
- CT scan
- HIDA scan: tip the person and take a scan
- tx: weight loss, diet, surgery
21
Q
Esophageal cancer S&S
A
- dysphagia with or without pain
- weight loss
- scapular pain
- more common with those with GI history
22
Q
esophageal cancer incidence
A
- one of the lowest cure rates
- 5 yr survival 10%
- median survival <10 months
23
Q
esophageal cancer linked to
A
- linked to H pylori
- squamous cells (90% worldwide)
- adenocarcinoma
