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LMAP YR2 > Older Adult Health > Flashcards

Older Adult Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nutritional challenges faced by older people?

A
  • decreased food intake -> decreased metabolic rate, lean body mass, sense of taste/small
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2
Q

What are the possible physical causes of malnutrition?

A
  • poor dentition
  • difficulty swallowing
  • declining co-ordination and eyesight
  • arthritis
  • reduced physical activity
  • dependent of care home care
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3
Q

What are the possible effects of malnutrition?

A
  • impaired immune function
  • poor wound healing
  • osteoporosis
  • cognitive impairment
  • mood disturbance
  • joint and muscle pain
  • calcium, vitamin C/D/B12, folate deficiency (osteomalacia, anaemia, sarcopenia)
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4
Q

How do you assess for malnutrition?

A
  • weight/BMI changes
  • mental health
  • social/drug/past medical history
  • food and fluid diary
  • MUST (malnutrition universal screening tool)
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5
Q

Who can provide support for those being treated for malnutrition?

A
  • doctors
  • dieticians
  • occupational therapy
  • social care
  • speech
  • language therapists
  • dentists
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6
Q

What are the common sleep disorders seen in older adults?

A
  • sleep apnoea

- insomnia

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7
Q

How do you treat sleep apnoea?

A
  • CPAP (gold standard, low compliance)

- lose weight/smoking and alcohol cessation)

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8
Q

What risk factors can predispose someone to sleep apnoea?

A
  • sleep on back

- anything that impacts REM sleep (alcohol, anti depressants)

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9
Q

How does sleep apnoea present?

A
  • loud snoring, pause in breathing, large gasp of air

- excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

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10
Q

How do you diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea?

A
  • ideally diagnosed with PSD (expensive and resource intensive)
  • use STOP-bang questionnaire
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11
Q

What does obstructive sleep apnoea increase your risk of?

A

Increased risk of:

  • CVD
  • stroke
  • T2DM
  • severe depression
  • severe COVID-19
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12
Q

What happens in obstructive sleep apnoea?

A
  • airway blocked in sleep > brain hypoxia > mini arousal > sharp intake of breath
  • caused by a partial/fully blocked airway (large tonsils, jaw set too far back, excess weight)
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13
Q

What is insomnia a predictor of?

A

depression

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14
Q

What can cause insomnia?

A

Continuously heightened stress

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15
Q

How does insomnia present?

A
  • difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep
  • waking up earlier and resistance going to bed
  • difficulty sleeping without a parent/caregiver
  • daytime difficulties due to sleep
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16
Q

What are the different classifications of insomnia?

A
  • 1-3 months (short term)

- >3 months (chronic)

17
Q

What is the treatment available for insomnia?

A
  • first line: CBT
  • sleep hygiene, relaxation training, paradoxical intention, sleep restriction therapy
  • psychotropic medication
18
Q

Define social isolation?

A

An objective measure of the number of contacts someone has (quantity and quality)

19
Q

Define loneliness?

A

A subjective feeling about the gap between a person’s desired levels of social contact compared to the actual level (perceived quality of the person’s relationships)

20
Q

What is social prescribing?

A

Enables GPS, nurses and other primary care professionals to refer people to local,non-clinical services

21
Q

What professionals are involved in social prescribing?

A

GP assesses patient needs and refers to link worker, who will signpost to a community organisation and follow-up the patient

22
Q

What are the benefits that have been found from social prescribing?

A
  • improves quality of life and mental health

- reduction in the use of NHS services

23
Q

What are the challenges that have been associated with social prescribing?

A
  • hard to measure outcomes due to the heterogenous nature of the programmes/service users/outcomes
  • without strong evidence, hard to commission the programmes
  • risk of the patient feeling that you have trivialised their issues
24
Q

What are the benefits of green space on ageing?

A
  • improved social cohesion and interaction
  • reduces stress
  • improved attention and memory
  • reduced BP/salivary cortisol/HR
  • reduced crime
  • reduced risk of all cause mortality/stroke/hypertension/asthma/CHD
25
Q

What are the health benefits of physical activity on the ageing population?

A
  • anti-inflammatory effects
  • diabetes
  • CVD
  • weight loss
  • effects at the mitochondrial level
26
Q

What proportion of over 65s in the UK are malnourished?

A

10%

27
Q

What is Sarcopenia?

A

loss of lean muscle mass

28
Q

What must be present for a diagnosis of chronic insomnia?

A

Impact on daily functioning attributed to sleep loss

29
Q

What are the psychological causes of malnutrition?

A
  • low mood

- cognitive decline

30
Q

What medical conditions and medications can cause malnutrition?

A
  • cancer, heart failure, CKD, hypothyroidism
  • coeliac disease + IBD (malabsorption)
  • medications (diuretics, antihypertensives)
31
Q

What can cause osteomalacia?

A

Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency

32
Q

What can cause poor wound healing?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

33
Q

What can cause anaemia?

A

Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency

LMAP YR2 (10 decks)

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