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Civil Law > OG Ops > Flashcards

OG Ops Flashcards

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1
Q

Gas liquefaction

A

*Liquefy natural gas using compressor and/or heat exchangers
*By cooling gas to below its boiling point
*Easier storage and transport in its liquid phase.

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2
Q

Differentiate:
*Claude Process
*Clause Process
*Linde Process

A

*Claude Process
-Gas expands isentropically through an expansion turbine.

*Claus Process
-1) Burn a portion of H2S to produce SO2
-2) In reactor: H2S + SO2 = S (elemental)

*Linde Process
-Liquefies gas by compressing, cooling and expanding repeatedly
-Temperature drop with each repetition

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3
Q

Differentiate:
*Non-Associated Gas
*Associated Gas
*Gas Cap

A

*Non-Associated Gas
+Gas has no contact with oil

*Associated Gas
+Gas is dissolved in oil

*Gas Cap
+Gas is overlying an oil reserve

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4
Q

Regassification

A

*Involves passing through LNG in vaporizers to reheat

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5
Q

Hydrotreating

A

*Catalytic process
*Reaction with high pressure hydrogen in a vacuum tower
*Removes sulfur and nitrogen compounds

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6
Q

Crude Distillation

A

*First step in processing crude oil
*Crude oil is heated using high pressure steam.
*Fractions of hydrocarbons are separated into different stages

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7
Q

P&ID Instrument First Letters:
*F
*L
*P
*Q
*T
*W

A

*F - Flow
*L - Level
*P - Pressure
*Q - Quantity
*T - Temperature
*W - Weight

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8
Q

P&ID Instrument Succeeding Letters:
*A
*I
*O
*R
*S
*T
*V

A

*A - Alarm
*I - Indicator
*O - Orifice
*R - Recorder
*S - Switch
*T - Transmitter
*V - Valve

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9
Q

P&ID Equipment Letters:
*B
*C
*F
*H
*M
*P
*V
*R

A

*B - Gas Moving Eqpt
*C - Compressors
*F - Furnaces
*H - Heat Transfer Eqpt
*M - Mass Transfer Eqpt
*P - Liquid Moving Eqpt
*V - Containment / Vessels
*R - Reactors

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10
Q

FPSO

A

Floating production storage and offloading

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11
Q

Vacuum Distillation

A

*Produce petroleum products from heavier oils at lower temperatures.

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12
Q

How are vacuums created?

A

Through vacuum pumps or steam ejectors

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13
Q

USES:
LPG

A
  • Propane + Butane
  • Heating
  • Aerosol propellant
  • Refrigerant
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14
Q

USES:
Gasoline

A

Fuel for cars.

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15
Q

USES:
Naphtha

A
  • Laundry soaps, Cleaning fluids
  • Heavy oil dilution
  • Varnish
  • Camp Stoves
  • Plastics
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16
Q

USES:
Kerosene

A
  • AKA paraffins
  • Fuel for jet engines and oil powered domestic heating.
  • Cracking.
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17
Q

USES:
Diesel

A

Power combustion engines in cars and ships.

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18
Q

USES:
Fuel Oil

A

-Heating buildings, boilers and furnaces
- Power plants

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19
Q

USES:
Lubricant Oil

A
  • Waxes, greases (like Vaseline) and polishes.
    -Cracking.
20
Q

USES:
Bitumen

A

-Heaviest crude oil fraction.
-Roads and pavements

21
Q

USES:
Pygas

A
  • Pyrolysis Gasoline
  • Highly-aromatic byproduct of steam cracking
22
Q

Differentiate:
*Bitumen
*Asphalt
*Tar

A

*Bitumen
-Heaviest crude oil fraction.

*Asphalt
-Used for roads. Consists of bitumen, sand and cement and other constituents.

*Tar
-Highly viscous liquid used for laying pavements.
-Coal, wood and mineral tar.

23
Q

Thermal Cracking

A
  • Breaking down saturated hydrocarbons into smaller unsaturated ones
  • Under high temperatures
24
Q

Boiling Point Trends:
* Chain Length
* Bond Length
* Branching
* Symmetry
* Substitution / Polarity

A
  • Chain Length - (+)
  • Bond Length - (-)
  • Branching - (+)
  • Symmetry - (+)
  • Substitution / Polarity - (+)
25
Q

Hydrocracking

A

Gas oil (LVC) into distillate and gasoline in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst.
*Atmospheric or vacuum distillation
*Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline.
*Reaxn 1: catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter unsaturated hydrocarbons
*Reaxn 2: saturation of these newly formed hydrocarbons with hydrogen

26
Q

Hydrocracking vs Hydrotreatment

A

*Hydrocracking
-Cracking (heavy to lighter oils) and Treatment (removes nitrogen and sulfur compounds)
-Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline.

*Hydrotreatment
-Treatment only
-Milder conditions

27
Q

Sweetening for:
*Gas
*Oil

A

*Sweetening
-Process of removing mercaptans and sulfur compounds

*Gas
-Stripping
- Gas is bubbled through glycol
- Glycol recovered by flash separation

*Oil
-Gas Absorption
-“Dual Process”
-Sweet gas is used to absorb mercaptans from Oil

28
Q

Reforming units

A

Converts desulfurized naphtha into reformate (higher octane molecules)

29
Q

Visbreaker

A
  • Used for cracking operations under a vacuum
30
Q

Isomerization unit

A
  • Convert linear molecules into higher octane branched molecules
31
Q

Refinery

A
  • Involves different processes to convert crude oil into desirable products
32
Q

Parts of Three-Phase Separator

A

*Inlet Diverter
-Enhances separation of gas from liquid phases

*Baffle
- Lessens turbulence
-Separates different phases

*Coalescer / Foam Breaker
- Slows down and coalesces oil particles together

*Mist Eliminator
-Remove entrained water / oil in gas

*Weir
-Separates oil and water layers

33
Q

Catalytic Reforming

A

-Upgrades low quality naphtha into:
*Reformate - high octane component of gasoline blends
*Aromatics - vital petrochemical feedstock
*Hydrogen - used in hydrotreating and hydrocracking

34
Q

Crude Oil

A

Non-uniform mixture of oil

35
Q

Desalting / Dehydration

A

Removes contaminants in crude oil
*Desalting - via electrostatic separator
*Dehydration - via gravity settling

36
Q

Dewaxing

A
  • Remove wax from distillate or residue
    -Solvent extraction
37
Q

Coking

A
  • Severe form of cracking
  • Convert low value residue into naphtha, diesel or lubricating oil
    -Bottoms are heated via a furnace, Stored in high pressure drums until it cracks into lighter components
38
Q

Why Dehydration of Oil is important?

A

-Prevent growth of bacteria (cause foul odor, fouling and plugging of filters)
-Prevent unwanted emulsion / multiphase fluid

39
Q

*Octane Number
*Cetane Number

A

*Octane Number
-Anti knocking number
-Measure ability to withstand compression without igniting
-Higher compression withstood, higher efficiency

*Cetane Number
-Measure how minimal the delay of ignition of fuel

40
Q

Methods of Dehydration

A

*Absorption
- Use ethylene glycol to attract moisture

*Adsorption
-Use desiccants

*Cooling only

*Compression + Cooling

41
Q

Different Cracking Operations

A

*Thermal Cracking
-Simplest and oldest
-Produce alkenes (ethene and propene)

*Steam / Pyrolysis
-For cracking moderate HC chains
-Use steam at 850C with no oxygen
-Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE)

*Catalytic Cracking
-Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2)
- 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen
-Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms

*Hydro-Cracking
-For heavy fractions
-500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2
-catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd
- Produce short chained HC’s (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)

42
Q

*Thermal Cracking

A

-Simplest and oldest
-Produce alkenes (ethene and propene)

43
Q

*Steam / Pyrolysis

A

-For cracking moderate HC chains
-Use steam at 850C with no oxygen
-Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE)

44
Q

*Catalytic Cracking

A

-Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2)
- 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen
-Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms

45
Q

*Hydro-Cracking

A

-For heavy fractions
-500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2
-catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd
- Produce short chained HC’s (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)

46
Q

isomeration

A

-Transform light straight paraffins (C4 to C6) to branched ones (higher octane number)

Civil Law (31 decks)

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