OG Ops Flashcards
Gas liquefaction
*Liquefy natural gas using compressor and/or heat exchangers
*By cooling gas to below its boiling point
*Easier storage and transport in its liquid phase.
Differentiate:
*Claude Process
*Clause Process
*Linde Process
*Claude Process
-Gas expands isentropically through an expansion turbine.
*Claus Process
-1) Burn a portion of H2S to produce SO2
-2) In reactor: H2S + SO2 = S (elemental)
*Linde Process
-Liquefies gas by compressing, cooling and expanding repeatedly
-Temperature drop with each repetition
Differentiate:
*Non-Associated Gas
*Associated Gas
*Gas Cap
*Non-Associated Gas
+Gas has no contact with oil
*Associated Gas
+Gas is dissolved in oil
*Gas Cap
+Gas is overlying an oil reserve
Regassification
*Involves passing through LNG in vaporizers to reheat
Hydrotreating
*Catalytic process
*Reaction with high pressure hydrogen in a vacuum tower
*Removes sulfur and nitrogen compounds
Crude Distillation
*First step in processing crude oil
*Crude oil is heated using high pressure steam.
*Fractions of hydrocarbons are separated into different stages
P&ID Instrument First Letters:
*F
*L
*P
*Q
*T
*W
*F - Flow
*L - Level
*P - Pressure
*Q - Quantity
*T - Temperature
*W - Weight
P&ID Instrument Succeeding Letters:
*A
*I
*O
*R
*S
*T
*V
*A - Alarm
*I - Indicator
*O - Orifice
*R - Recorder
*S - Switch
*T - Transmitter
*V - Valve
P&ID Equipment Letters:
*B
*C
*F
*H
*M
*P
*V
*R
*B - Gas Moving Eqpt
*C - Compressors
*F - Furnaces
*H - Heat Transfer Eqpt
*M - Mass Transfer Eqpt
*P - Liquid Moving Eqpt
*V - Containment / Vessels
*R - Reactors
FPSO
Floating production storage and offloading
Vacuum Distillation
*Produce petroleum products from heavier oils at lower temperatures.
How are vacuums created?
Through vacuum pumps or steam ejectors
USES:
LPG
- Propane + Butane
- Heating
- Aerosol propellant
- Refrigerant
USES:
Gasoline
Fuel for cars.
USES:
Naphtha
- Laundry soaps, Cleaning fluids
- Heavy oil dilution
- Varnish
- Camp Stoves
- Plastics
USES:
Kerosene
- AKA paraffins
- Fuel for jet engines and oil powered domestic heating.
- Cracking.
USES:
Diesel
Power combustion engines in cars and ships.
USES:
Fuel Oil
-Heating buildings, boilers and furnaces
- Power plants
USES:
Lubricant Oil
- Waxes, greases (like Vaseline) and polishes.
-Cracking.
USES:
Bitumen
-Heaviest crude oil fraction.
-Roads and pavements
USES:
Pygas
- Pyrolysis Gasoline
- Highly-aromatic byproduct of steam cracking
Differentiate:
*Bitumen
*Asphalt
*Tar
*Bitumen
-Heaviest crude oil fraction.
*Asphalt
-Used for roads. Consists of bitumen, sand and cement and other constituents.
*Tar
-Highly viscous liquid used for laying pavements.
-Coal, wood and mineral tar.
Thermal Cracking
- Breaking down saturated hydrocarbons into smaller unsaturated ones
- Under high temperatures
Boiling Point Trends:
* Chain Length
* Bond Length
* Branching
* Symmetry
* Substitution / Polarity
- Chain Length - (+)
- Bond Length - (-)
- Branching - (+)
- Symmetry - (+)
- Substitution / Polarity - (+)
Hydrocracking
Gas oil (LVC) into distillate and gasoline in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst.
*Atmospheric or vacuum distillation
*Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline.
*Reaxn 1: catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter unsaturated hydrocarbons
*Reaxn 2: saturation of these newly formed hydrocarbons with hydrogen
Hydrocracking vs Hydrotreatment
*Hydrocracking
-Cracking (heavy to lighter oils) and Treatment (removes nitrogen and sulfur compounds)
-Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline.
*Hydrotreatment
-Treatment only
-Milder conditions
Sweetening for:
*Gas
*Oil
*Sweetening
-Process of removing mercaptans and sulfur compounds
*Gas
-Stripping
- Gas is bubbled through glycol
- Glycol recovered by flash separation
*Oil
-Gas Absorption
-“Dual Process”
-Sweet gas is used to absorb mercaptans from Oil
Reforming units
Converts desulfurized naphtha into reformate (higher octane molecules)
Visbreaker
- Used for cracking operations under a vacuum
Isomerization unit
- Convert linear molecules into higher octane branched molecules
Refinery
- Involves different processes to convert crude oil into desirable products
Parts of Three-Phase Separator
*Inlet Diverter
-Enhances separation of gas from liquid phases
*Baffle
- Lessens turbulence
-Separates different phases
*Coalescer / Foam Breaker
- Slows down and coalesces oil particles together
*Mist Eliminator
-Remove entrained water / oil in gas
*Weir
-Separates oil and water layers
Catalytic Reforming
-Upgrades low quality naphtha into:
*Reformate - high octane component of gasoline blends
*Aromatics - vital petrochemical feedstock
*Hydrogen - used in hydrotreating and hydrocracking
Crude Oil
Non-uniform mixture of oil
Desalting / Dehydration
Removes contaminants in crude oil
*Desalting - via electrostatic separator
*Dehydration - via gravity settling
Dewaxing
- Remove wax from distillate or residue
-Solvent extraction
Coking
- Severe form of cracking
- Convert low value residue into naphtha, diesel or lubricating oil
-Bottoms are heated via a furnace, Stored in high pressure drums until it cracks into lighter components
Why Dehydration of Oil is important?
-Prevent growth of bacteria (cause foul odor, fouling and plugging of filters)
-Prevent unwanted emulsion / multiphase fluid
*Octane Number
*Cetane Number
*Octane Number
-Anti knocking number
-Measure ability to withstand compression without igniting
-Higher compression withstood, higher efficiency
*Cetane Number
-Measure how minimal the delay of ignition of fuel
Methods of Dehydration
*Absorption
- Use ethylene glycol to attract moisture
*Adsorption
-Use desiccants
*Cooling only
*Compression + Cooling
Different Cracking Operations
*Thermal Cracking
-Simplest and oldest
-Produce alkenes (ethene and propene)
*Steam / Pyrolysis
-For cracking moderate HC chains
-Use steam at 850C with no oxygen
-Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE)
*Catalytic Cracking
-Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2)
- 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen
-Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms
*Hydro-Cracking
-For heavy fractions
-500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2
-catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd
- Produce short chained HC’s (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)
*Thermal Cracking
-Simplest and oldest
-Produce alkenes (ethene and propene)
*Steam / Pyrolysis
-For cracking moderate HC chains
-Use steam at 850C with no oxygen
-Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE)
*Catalytic Cracking
-Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2)
- 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen
-Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms
*Hydro-Cracking
-For heavy fractions
-500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2
-catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd
- Produce short chained HC’s (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)
isomeration
-Transform light straight paraffins (C4 to C6) to branched ones (higher octane number)
