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OG Ops Flashcards

1
Q

Gas liquefaction

A

*Liquefy natural gas using compressor and/or heat exchangers
*By cooling gas to below its boiling point
*Easier storage and transport in its liquid phase.

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2
Q

Differentiate:
*Claude Process
*Clause Process
*Linde Process

A

*Claude Process
-Gas expands isentropically through an expansion turbine.

*Claus Process
-1) Burn a portion of H2S to produce SO2
-2) In reactor: H2S + SO2 = S (elemental)

*Linde Process
-Liquefies gas by compressing, cooling and expanding repeatedly
-Temperature drop with each repetition

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3
Q

Differentiate:
*Non-Associated Gas
*Associated Gas
*Gas Cap

A

*Non-Associated Gas
+Gas has no contact with oil

*Associated Gas
+Gas is dissolved in oil

*Gas Cap
+Gas is overlying an oil reserve

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4
Q

Regassification

A

*Involves passing through LNG in vaporizers to reheat

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5
Q

Hydrotreating

A

*Catalytic process
*Reaction with high pressure hydrogen in a vacuum tower
*Removes sulfur and nitrogen compounds

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6
Q

Crude Distillation

A

*First step in processing crude oil
*Crude oil is heated using high pressure steam.
*Fractions of hydrocarbons are separated into different stages

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7
Q

P&ID Instrument First Letters:
*F
*L
*P
*Q
*T
*W

A

*F - Flow
*L - Level
*P - Pressure
*Q - Quantity
*T - Temperature
*W - Weight

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8
Q

P&ID Instrument Succeeding Letters:
*A
*I
*O
*R
*S
*T
*V

A

*A - Alarm
*I - Indicator
*O - Orifice
*R - Recorder
*S - Switch
*T - Transmitter
*V - Valve

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9
Q

P&ID Equipment Letters:
*B
*C
*F
*H
*M
*P
*V
*R

A

*B - Gas Moving Eqpt
*C - Compressors
*F - Furnaces
*H - Heat Transfer Eqpt
*M - Mass Transfer Eqpt
*P - Liquid Moving Eqpt
*V - Containment / Vessels
*R - Reactors

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10
Q

FPSO

A

Floating production storage and offloading

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11
Q

Vacuum Distillation

A

*Produce petroleum products from heavier oils at lower temperatures.

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12
Q

How are vacuums created?

A

Through vacuum pumps or steam ejectors

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13
Q

USES:
LPG

A
  • Propane + Butane
  • Heating
  • Aerosol propellant
  • Refrigerant
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14
Q

USES:
Gasoline

A

Fuel for cars.

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15
Q

USES:
Naphtha

A
  • Laundry soaps, Cleaning fluids
  • Heavy oil dilution
  • Varnish
  • Camp Stoves
  • Plastics
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16
Q

USES:
Kerosene

A
  • AKA paraffins
  • Fuel for jet engines and oil powered domestic heating.
  • Cracking.
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17
Q

USES:
Diesel

A

Power combustion engines in cars and ships.

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18
Q

USES:
Fuel Oil

A

-Heating buildings, boilers and furnaces
- Power plants

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19
Q

USES:
Lubricant Oil

A
  • Waxes, greases (like Vaseline) and polishes.
    -Cracking.
20
Q

USES:
Bitumen

A

-Heaviest crude oil fraction.
-Roads and pavements

21
Q

USES:
Pygas

A
  • Pyrolysis Gasoline
  • Highly-aromatic byproduct of steam cracking
22
Q

Differentiate:
*Bitumen
*Asphalt
*Tar

A

*Bitumen
-Heaviest crude oil fraction.

*Asphalt
-Used for roads. Consists of bitumen, sand and cement and other constituents.

*Tar
-Highly viscous liquid used for laying pavements.
-Coal, wood and mineral tar.

23
Q

Thermal Cracking

A
  • Breaking down saturated hydrocarbons into smaller unsaturated ones
  • Under high temperatures
24
Q

Boiling Point Trends:
* Chain Length
* Bond Length
* Branching
* Symmetry
* Substitution / Polarity

A
  • Chain Length - (+)
  • Bond Length - (-)
  • Branching - (+)
  • Symmetry - (+)
  • Substitution / Polarity - (+)
25
Hydrocracking
Gas oil (LVC) into distillate and gasoline in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst. *Atmospheric or vacuum distillation *Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline. *Reaxn 1: catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter unsaturated hydrocarbons *Reaxn 2: saturation of these newly formed hydrocarbons with hydrogen
26
Hydrocracking vs Hydrotreatment
*Hydrocracking -Cracking (heavy to lighter oils) and Treatment (removes nitrogen and sulfur compounds) -Produces jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline. *Hydrotreatment -Treatment only -Milder conditions
27
Sweetening for: *Gas *Oil
*Sweetening -Process of removing mercaptans and sulfur compounds *Gas -Stripping - Gas is bubbled through glycol - Glycol recovered by flash separation *Oil -Gas Absorption -"Dual Process" -Sweet gas is used to absorb mercaptans from Oil
28
Reforming units
Converts desulfurized naphtha into reformate (higher octane molecules)
29
Visbreaker
- Used for cracking operations under a vacuum
30
Isomerization unit
- Convert linear molecules into higher octane branched molecules
31
Refinery
- Involves different processes to convert crude oil into desirable products
32
Parts of Three-Phase Separator
*Inlet Diverter -Enhances separation of gas from liquid phases *Baffle - Lessens turbulence -Separates different phases *Coalescer / Foam Breaker - Slows down and coalesces oil particles together *Mist Eliminator -Remove entrained water / oil in gas *Weir -Separates oil and water layers
33
Catalytic Reforming
-Upgrades low quality naphtha into: *Reformate - high octane component of gasoline blends *Aromatics - vital petrochemical feedstock *Hydrogen - used in hydrotreating and hydrocracking
34
Crude Oil
Non-uniform mixture of oil
35
Desalting / Dehydration
Removes contaminants in crude oil *Desalting - via electrostatic separator *Dehydration - via gravity settling
36
Dewaxing
- Remove wax from distillate or residue -Solvent extraction
37
Coking
- Severe form of cracking - Convert low value residue into naphtha, diesel or lubricating oil -Bottoms are heated via a furnace, Stored in high pressure drums until it cracks into lighter components
38
Why Dehydration of Oil is important?
-Prevent growth of bacteria (cause foul odor, fouling and plugging of filters) -Prevent unwanted emulsion / multiphase fluid
39
*Octane Number *Cetane Number
*Octane Number -Anti knocking number -Measure ability to withstand compression without igniting -Higher compression withstood, higher efficiency *Cetane Number -Measure how minimal the delay of ignition of fuel
40
Methods of Dehydration
*Absorption - Use ethylene glycol to attract moisture *Adsorption -Use desiccants *Cooling only *Compression + Cooling
41
Different Cracking Operations
*Thermal Cracking -Simplest and oldest -Produce alkenes (ethene and propene) *Steam / Pyrolysis -For cracking moderate HC chains -Use steam at 850C with no oxygen -Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE) *Catalytic Cracking -Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2) - 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen -Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms *Hydro-Cracking -For heavy fractions -500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2 -catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd - Produce short chained HC's (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)
42
*Thermal Cracking
-Simplest and oldest -Produce alkenes (ethene and propene)
43
*Steam / Pyrolysis
-For cracking moderate HC chains -Use steam at 850C with no oxygen -Produce alkenes (ethene, propene, and BUTENE)
44
*Catalytic Cracking
-Uses zeolites (Al, Si, O2) - 500C and 700 kPa without oxygen -Produce HC with 5-10 carbon atoms
45
*Hydro-Cracking
-For heavy fractions -500C and 5000 kPa in presence of H2 -catalyst: zeolite, Ni, Pt or Pd - Produce short chained HC's (LPG, gasoline, kerosene)
46
isomeration
-Transform light straight paraffins (C4 to C6) to branched ones (higher octane number)

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