ChECal and Momentra Flashcards
Laminar flow
*Re < 2100
*Fluid travels smoothly or in streamlined paths
Turbulent flow
*Re > 4000
*Occurs at high velocity and low dynamic viscosity.
Fluid
Phase of Matter that can flow and take up the shape of its container
Nozzle
Decreases pressure to increase velocity
Nominal diameter
*Size of the pipe
Pipe Schedule
*Way pipe wall thickness is mentioned
*1000P/S
*P = max allowable stress
*S = max service stress
BFD vs PFD vs P&ID
BFD:
*Logical sequence of processes
*Feeds and products
PFD:
*Equipment and Pumps
*Pipes and Fittings
*Material Balance
*Instrumentation
*Operating pressure and temperature
*Callout Sheets
P&ID:
*Equipment and Pumps
*Pipes and Fittings
*Material Balance
*Instrumentation, and Electrical control loops
*Voting and Sparing Philosophy
*More Detailed Callout Sheets (include design pressure, material, insulation, etc)
Unit Operation vs Unit Process
Unit Operation:
*Reversible
*Physical transformation of the feed
*Fluid flow, Mechanical operations, Mass transfer
Unit Process:
*Irreversible
*Chemical transformation of the feed
*Chemical reactors
NON NEWTONIAN:
Pseudoplastic
Dilatant
Bingham plastic
*Pseudoplastic
-Shear thinning
*Dilatant
-Shear thickening
*Bingham plastic
-Requires shear threshold before thickening
Shear thinning fluids
AKA Pseudoplastic fluids
Shear thickening fluids
AKA Dilatant fluids
It is a liquid that does not flow at all until a threshold shear stress is attained.
Bingham fluids
Fluid whose viscosity is independent of shear rate
Newtonian fluids
Fluid whose shear stress is directly proportional to the shear rate
Newtonian Fluids
Discipline of fluid mechanics which studies the relationship between fluid deformation and stress.
Rheology
Viscosity decreases with increase in
shear rate.
Pseudoplastic
e.g. clay, milk and cement
Viscosity increases with increase in shear rate
Dilatant
e.g. Quicksand
No-slip condition
Velocity of the
fluid must equal that of the adjacent wall
Internal energy
All other energy present in a unit mass, such as, rotational and vibrational energy in chemical bonds.
Potential energy
Energy present because of the position of the mass in a gravitational field.
Kinetic energy
Energy present because of the translational or rotational motion of the mass
Shear stress decreases with time at a constant shear rate.
Thixotropic
Shear stress increases with time at a constant shear rate.
Rheopectic
Mechanical Energy
Type of energy that is work or can be directly converted to work.