Ocean Biogeography (Week 9 Lecture 13) Flashcards
True or False: Almost all animal phyla live in ocean
True
All plant groups are found in the ocean bead except for which two?
Ferns and Gymnosperms
Primary producers are mostly ______.
unicellular
Marine organism distribution was first reported by ______.
Forbes and Godwin-Austenfor the North Atlantic seas bordering Western Europe
What four reasons to way life becomes azoic (no life) below 550m of sea floor?
the lack of light,
low temperatures
high pressure
general decrease of animal life with depth
The flat gradually sloping sea floor from shoreline to roughly 200m in is known as the?
Continental shelf
______ is known as the end of the continental shelf
Shelf break
______ slope is seaward of the shelf break whereas ______ is seaward of the slope
Continental slope, continental rise
Continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise make up the ______.
Continental margin
The ______ zone extrends down 100- 300m, known as the mixed layer and includes the photic zone.
Surface
The ______ is the rest of the water column, dark cold with less productivity and include the aphotic zone.
Deep
The ______ forms a physical barrier between the surface and deep zones
Pycnocline
In another classification system, the water is referred to as the ______ zone.
Pelagic
The ocean floor is known as the ______ zone.
Bethnic
Sharks that swim through the water column are known as ______ and crabs who sit at the bottom of the ocean floor are known as______.
Nekton, Benthos
True or False: The benthic zone starts at the shoreline and extends into deep waters, away from landmass.
True
True or false: Since light cannot penetrate this depth at the benthic zone, this zone lacks the ability to photosynthesis as its energy source.
True
True or False: In the pelagic zone, the uppermost layers of a water body, especially referring to the ocean, interacts directly with the atmosphere.
True
Organisms living in this zone are the benthic ______ community, includingcrustaceansandpolychaetes
Invertebrate
______ is the superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water.
Benthic boundary layer
What is the term used to classify horizontal organisms?
Neritic
What are the 4 ways to classify vertical organisms?
epipelagic (top)
mesopelagic (middle)
bathypelagic (deep)
abyssopelagic (deepest)
What percent of earth’s animals are amrine?
16.7
True or False: 2% of animals are benthic whereas 98% are pelagic.
False, 2% pelagic 98% benthic
What are the 3 biota of marine life based on lifestyle?
plankton (floaters)
nekton (swimmers)
benthos (bottom dwellers)
______ are weak swimmers, and are known as drifters, unable to counteract currents.
Palnkton
______ are active swimmers capable of counteracting currents.
Nekton
______ live on the sea bottom where s ______ live in the sea bottom.
Epiflora/Epifauna
Infauna
True or False: Benthic [plants are restricted to shallow water.
True
What is an example of an organism that crosses from one lifestyle to another (ie, planktonic to benthic)
Crab larva (plankton to benthic)
More than ______% of marine plants are algae.
90
True or False: To photosynthesize, plants must remain within the photic zone.
True
______ are single-celled plants enclosed in a siliceous shell.
Diatoms
______ are single-celled plants with two whip-like tails (flagella).
Dinoflagellates
Foraminifera and copepods are examples of?
Zooplankton
True or False: Sessile fauna are dominated by suspension feeders.
True
The energy source for the benthic ecosystem is often ______.
Organic matter
most organisms in the benthic zone are ______or______ and some microorganismsuse______to producebiomass.
Scavengers or detritivore
chemosynthesis
What two ecological functions do benthic macroinvertebrates have?
regulating the flow of materials and energy inriver ecosystemsthrough theirfood weblinkages.
influence food resources on fish and other organisms
In what zone has extremely uniform environmental conditions?
Abyssal
What zone is conveniently defined at which the water temperature is 4 degrees?
Bathyal
______ is the the largestenvironmentfor Earth life, covering 300,000,000 square km.
Abyssal
True or False: The abyssal zone is composed predominantly of microscopic plankton
True
Abyssal sediment in shallower waters is composed primarily of the calcareous shells of ______ ______and of ______.
Foraminifera zooplankton and phytoplankton
True or False: Abyssal crustaceans and fish may be blind.
True
True or False: Abyssal fauna include representatives of somemajor marine invertebrate phyla
False, they include all
True or False: Abyssal animals are believed to reproduce very slowly.
True
Does photosynthesis occur in the bathyal layer?
No
True or False: In the bathyal layer there is low oxygen concentrations and impoverished faunal levels.
True
Sunlight insufficient for photosynthesisilluminatesthe______ zone, which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to about 200 m.
Disphotic
What type of microorganism lives in vent communities/
Extremophiles and chemosynthetic bacteria
