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BI 301 Global Ecology and Biogeography > Ocean Biogeography (Week 9 Lecture 13) > Flashcards

Ocean Biogeography (Week 9 Lecture 13) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Almost all animal phyla live in ocean

A

True

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2
Q

All plant groups are found in the ocean bead except for which two?

A

Ferns and Gymnosperms

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3
Q

Primary producers are mostly ______.

A

unicellular

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4
Q

Marine organism distribution was first reported by ______.

A

Forbes and Godwin-Austenfor the North Atlantic seas bordering Western Europe

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5
Q

What four reasons to way life becomes azoic (no life) below 550m of sea floor?

A

the lack of light,

low temperatures

high pressure

general decrease of animal life with depth

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6
Q

The flat gradually sloping sea floor from shoreline to roughly 200m in is known as the?

A

Continental shelf

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7
Q

______ is known as the end of the continental shelf

A

Shelf break

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8
Q

______ slope is seaward of the shelf break whereas ______ is seaward of the slope

A

Continental slope, continental rise

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9
Q

Continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise make up the ______.

A

Continental margin

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10
Q

The ______ zone extrends down 100- 300m, known as the mixed layer and includes the photic zone.

A

Surface

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11
Q

The ______ is the rest of the water column, dark cold with less productivity and include the aphotic zone.

A

Deep

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12
Q

The ______ forms a physical barrier between the surface and deep zones

A

Pycnocline

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13
Q

In another classification system, the water is referred to as the ______ zone.

A

Pelagic

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14
Q

The ocean floor is known as the ______ zone.

A

Bethnic

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15
Q

Sharks that swim through the water column are known as ______ and crabs who sit at the bottom of the ocean floor are known as______.

A

Nekton, Benthos

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16
Q

True or False: The benthic zone starts at the shoreline and extends into deep waters, away from landmass.

A

True

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17
Q

True or false: Since light cannot penetrate this depth at the benthic zone, this zone lacks the ability to photosynthesis as its energy source.

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: In the pelagic zone, the uppermost layers of a water body, especially referring to the ocean, interacts directly with the atmosphere.

A

True

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19
Q

Organisms living in this zone are the benthic ______ community, includingcrustaceansandpolychaetes

A

Invertebrate

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20
Q

______ is the superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water.

A

Benthic boundary layer

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21
Q

What is the term used to classify horizontal organisms?

A

Neritic

22
Q

What are the 4 ways to classify vertical organisms?

A

epipelagic (top)
mesopelagic (middle)
bathypelagic (deep)
abyssopelagic (deepest)

23
Q

What percent of earth’s animals are amrine?

A

16.7

24
Q

True or False: 2% of animals are benthic whereas 98% are pelagic.

A

False, 2% pelagic 98% benthic

25
Q

What are the 3 biota of marine life based on lifestyle?

A

plankton (floaters)
nekton (swimmers)
benthos (bottom dwellers)

26
Q

______ are weak swimmers, and are known as drifters, unable to counteract currents.

A

Palnkton

27
Q

______ are active swimmers capable of counteracting currents.

A

Nekton

28
Q

______ live on the sea bottom where s ______ live in the sea bottom.

A

Epiflora/Epifauna

Infauna

29
Q

True or False: Benthic [plants are restricted to shallow water.

A

True

30
Q

What is an example of an organism that crosses from one lifestyle to another (ie, planktonic to benthic)

A

Crab larva (plankton to benthic)

31
Q

More than ______% of marine plants are algae.

A

90

32
Q

True or False: To photosynthesize, plants must remain within the photic zone.

A

True

33
Q

______ are single-celled plants enclosed in a siliceous shell.

A

Diatoms

34
Q

______ are single-celled plants with two whip-like tails (flagella).

A

Dinoflagellates

35
Q

Foraminifera and copepods are examples of?

A

Zooplankton

36
Q

True or False: Sessile fauna are dominated by suspension feeders.

A

True

37
Q

The energy source for the benthic ecosystem is often ______.

A

Organic matter

38
Q

most organisms in the benthic zone are ______or______ and some microorganismsuse______to producebiomass.

A

Scavengers or detritivore

chemosynthesis

39
Q

What two ecological functions do benthic macroinvertebrates have?

A

regulating the flow of materials and energy inriver ecosystemsthrough theirfood weblinkages.

influence food resources on fish and other organisms

40
Q

In what zone has extremely uniform environmental conditions?

A

Abyssal

41
Q

What zone is conveniently defined at which the water temperature is 4 degrees?

A

Bathyal

42
Q

______ is the the largestenvironmentfor Earth life, covering 300,000,000 square km.

A

Abyssal

43
Q

True or False: The abyssal zone is composed predominantly of microscopic plankton

A

True

44
Q

Abyssal sediment in shallower waters is composed primarily of the calcareous shells of ______ ______and of ______.

A

Foraminifera zooplankton and phytoplankton

45
Q

True or False: Abyssal crustaceans and fish may be blind.

A

True

46
Q

True or False: Abyssal fauna include representatives of somemajor marine invertebrate phyla

A

False, they include all

47
Q

True or False: Abyssal animals are believed to reproduce very slowly.

A

True

48
Q

Does photosynthesis occur in the bathyal layer?

A

No

49
Q

True or False: In the bathyal layer there is low oxygen concentrations and impoverished faunal levels.

A

True

50
Q

Sunlight insufficient for photosynthesisilluminatesthe______ zone, which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to about 200 m.

A

Disphotic

51
Q

What type of microorganism lives in vent communities/

A

Extremophiles and chemosynthetic bacteria

BI 301 Global Ecology and Biogeography (14 decks)

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