Ocean Biogeography (Week 9 Lecture 13)

Question 1

True or False: Almost all animal phyla live in ocean

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All plant groups are found in the ocean bead except for which two?

Answer 2

Ferns and Gymnosperms

Question 3

Primary producers are mostly ______.

Answer 3

unicellular

Question 4

Marine organism distribution was first reported by ______.

Answer 4

Forbes and Godwin-Austenfor the North Atlantic seas bordering Western Europe

Question 5

What four reasons to way life becomes azoic (no life) below 550m of sea floor?

Answer 5

the lack of light,

low temperatures

high pressure

general decrease of animal life with depth

Question 6

The flat gradually sloping sea floor from shoreline to roughly 200m in is known as the?

Answer 6

Continental shelf

Question 7

______ is known as the end of the continental shelf

Answer 7

Shelf break

Question 8

______ slope is seaward of the shelf break whereas ______ is seaward of the slope

Answer 8

Continental slope, continental rise

Question 9

Continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise make up the ______.

Answer 9

Continental margin

Question 10

The ______ zone extrends down 100- 300m, known as the mixed layer and includes the photic zone.

Answer 10

Surface

Question 11

The ______ is the rest of the water column, dark cold with less productivity and include the aphotic zone.

Answer 11

Deep

Question 12

The ______ forms a physical barrier between the surface and deep zones

Answer 12

Pycnocline

Question 13

In another classification system, the water is referred to as the ______ zone.

Answer 13

Pelagic

Question 14

The ocean floor is known as the ______ zone.

Answer 14

Bethnic

Question 15

Sharks that swim through the water column are known as ______ and crabs who sit at the bottom of the ocean floor are known as______.

Answer 15

Nekton, Benthos

Question 16

True or False: The benthic zone starts at the shoreline and extends into deep waters, away from landmass.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or false: Since light cannot penetrate this depth at the benthic zone, this zone lacks the ability to photosynthesis as its energy source.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: In the pelagic zone, the uppermost layers of a water body, especially referring to the ocean, interacts directly with the atmosphere.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Organisms living in this zone are the benthic ______ community, includingcrustaceansandpolychaetes

Answer 19

Invertebrate

Question 20

______ is the superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water.

Answer 20

Benthic boundary layer

Question 21

What is the term used to classify horizontal organisms?

Answer 21

Neritic

Question 22

What are the 4 ways to classify vertical organisms?

Answer 22

epipelagic (top)
mesopelagic (middle)
bathypelagic (deep)
abyssopelagic (deepest)

Question 23

What percent of earth’s animals are amrine?

Answer 23

16.7

Question 24

True or False: 2% of animals are benthic whereas 98% are pelagic.

Answer 24

False, 2% pelagic 98% benthic

Question 25

What are the 3 biota of marine life based on lifestyle?

Answer 25

plankton (floaters) nekton (swimmers) benthos (bottom dwellers)

Question 26

______ are weak swimmers, and are known as drifters, unable to counteract currents.

Answer 26

Palnkton

Question 27

______ are active swimmers capable of counteracting currents.

Answer 27

Nekton

Question 28

______ live on the sea bottom where s ______ live in the sea bottom.

Answer 28

Epiflora/Epifauna | Infauna

Question 29

True or False: Benthic [plants are restricted to shallow water.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is an example of an organism that crosses from one lifestyle to another (ie, planktonic to benthic)

Answer 30

Crab larva (plankton to benthic)

Question 31

More than ______% of marine plants are algae.

Answer 31

90

Question 32

True or False: To photosynthesize, plants must remain within the photic zone.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

______ are single-celled plants enclosed in a siliceous shell.

Answer 33

Diatoms

Question 34

______ are single-celled plants with two whip-like tails (flagella).

Answer 34

Dinoflagellates

Question 35

Foraminifera and copepods are examples of?

Answer 35

Zooplankton

Question 36

True or False: Sessile fauna are dominated by suspension feeders.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The energy source for the benthic ecosystem is often ______.

Answer 37

Organic matter

Question 38

most organisms in the benthic zone are ______ or ______ and some microorganisms use ______ to produce biomass.

Answer 38

Scavengers or detritivore chemosynthesis

Question 39

What two ecological functions do benthic macroinvertebrates have?

Answer 39

regulating the flow of materials and energy in river ecosystems through their food web linkages. influence food resources on fish and other organisms

Question 40

In what zone has extremely uniform environmental conditions?

Answer 40

Abyssal

Question 41

What zone is conveniently defined at which the water temperature is 4 degrees?

Answer 41

Bathyal

Question 42

______ is the the largest environment for Earth life, covering 300,000,000 square km.

Answer 42

Abyssal

Question 43

True or False: The abyssal zone is composed predominantly of microscopic plankton

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Abyssal sediment in shallower waters is composed primarily of the calcareous shells of ______  ______ and of ______. 

Answer 44

Foraminifera zooplankton and phytoplankton

Question 45

True or False: Abyssal crustaceans and fish may be blind.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

True or False: Abyssal fauna include representatives of somemajor marine invertebrate phyla

Answer 46

False, they include all

Question 47

True or False: Abyssal animals are believed to reproduce very slowly.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Does photosynthesis occur in the bathyal layer?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

True or False: In the bathyal layer there is low oxygen concentrations and impoverished faunal levels.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Sunlight insufficient for photosynthesis illuminates the ______ zone, which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to about 200 m.

Answer 50

Disphotic

Question 51

What type of microorganism lives in vent communities/

Answer 51

Extremophiles and chemosynthetic bacteria