Island Biogeography (Week 9 Lecture 12)

Question 1

Since islands are isolated, and in many cases the species found on them are ______.

Answer 1

Endemic

Question 2

______ has been particularly common on islands.

Answer 2

Extinction

Question 3

What percent of the bird species whose extinction has been recorded since 1600 have been island species.

Answer 3

93%

Question 4

Who CoauthoredThe Theory of Island Biogeography.

Answer 4

Edward O Wilson and Robert H Macarthur

Question 5

True or False: The biota of an island is simpler than that of a continental area, and the interactions are easier to understand.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are the three types of Islands?

Answer 6

Islands that were originally part of a nearby continent

Islands that are part of a volcanic island arc.

Seamount chains

Question 7

What type if island is formed over geological hotspots?

Answer 7

Seamount chains

Question 8

What type of island was separated by rising sea level?

Answer 8

Land-bridge Islands

Question 9

True or False: Islands formed by isolation from continents would not have a biota which would be a subset of that on the continent.

Answer 9

False, they would have similar biota

Question 10

Islands formed by isolation from continents would have changed, however, as the result of independent ______ and ______.

Answer 10

evolution and extinction

Question 11

The biota of island arcs and hotspot island chains originally arrived by ______.

Answer 11

Tran-ocean dispersal

Question 12

True or False: If several islands exist at one time it creates the possibility for inter-island dispersal and a more complex pattern of evolutionary change.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What one factor restricts the diversity of life on islands?

Answer 13

Organisms share adaptation that allow them to get to the island rather than to live on it.

Question 14

What type of animal is capable of reaching very distant islands.

Answer 14

Flying animals

Question 15

What type of animal rely on dispersal mechanisms to reach islands?

Answer 15

Iguanas

Question 16

Is long distance more likely to happen in plant sor animals?

Answer 16

Plants,can typically be accomplished by a single spore or seed, where in animals it typically requires a pair of organisms or a pregnant female.

Question 17

True or False: On very remote islands the number of species may be less because of the great difficulty in dispersing to these islands.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

For conifers and flowering plants in the Pacific diversity is much ______ (lower/higher) in the more isolated island groups of the central and eastern Pacific.

Answer 18

lower

Question 19

True or False: The more isolated islands have fewer genera than less isolated islands of the same size.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Is island life more hazardous than mainland life?

Answer 20

Yes, catastrophic events have more severe effects.

Question 21

What are three reasons why island population are more likely to extinct than those on mainlands?

Answer 21

Populations are typically smaller.

They have less genetic diversity.

They were not originally adapted to the island habitat.

Question 22

True or False: when a species is lost by extinction, it is more difficult to replace it by immigration than in a mainland situation.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: Islands tend to support the same amount species than mainland areas of similar size.

Answer 23

False, islands tend to support fewer species.

Question 24

______ stated that islands are less diverse because they have not had sufficient time to accumulate species by immigration.

Answer 24

Nonequilibrium theory of island biogeography

Question 25

True or False: Islands are high species richness relative to mainland areas of comparable size.

Answer 25

False, low in species richness

Question 26

The ______ proposed that the lower number of species on islands was not the result of insufficient time, but rather the result of an equilibrium process peculiar to all islands.

Answer 26

equilibrium theory of island biogeography

Question 27

In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, The theory is based on the idea that, at any given time, the number of species on an island is the result of a balance between two processes: ______ and ______.

Answer 27

extinction and colonization

Question 28

True or False: Colonization rates however should be greater for the island near the mainland than for the more distant island.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False: Extinction should be greater on a smaller island.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or False: Small islands have a greater degree of habitat heterogeneity, and therefore greater diversity.

Answer 30

False, large islands

Question 31

what did E. Wilson And Daniel Simberloff find during their experiment?

Answer 31

They found that species increased for a while, then reached to a number approximately equal to the original number.

Question 32

True or False: Oceanic islands confirm pretty closely to the patterns predicted by island biogeographic theory,

Answer 32

True

Question 33

______ ______ is the term referring to when a land bridge island has more species than to be expected on an island of that size and the number of species diminishes.

Answer 33

Relaxation fauna

Question 34

______ island region of suitable habitat that is surrounded by uninhabitable area that serves as a barrier to dispersal.

Answer 34

Habitat

Question 35

What are the two important phenomena of habitat islands?

Answer 35

Habitat diversity may be more important than area. | The formation of a habitat island in a mainland area creates an “edge effect”.

Question 36

______ ______ refers to a change in physical and biological characteristics of a habitat as one moves from the edge to the interior.

Answer 36

Edge effect

Question 37

One of the most significant anthropogenic influences on natural habitats has been the ______ of habitats

Answer 37

Fragmentatio

Question 38

True or False: These fragmented habitats do not show relaxation effects like some islands.

Answer 38

False, the often do

Question 39

Mammal diversity in Mt. Rainier National Park has decreased by ______ between 1920 and 1976 due to ______.

Answer 39

26%, fragmentation of forest habitats

Question 40

In what two ways can Island biogeography theory can assist in solving practical conservation problems.

Answer 40

Predict the effect of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. Using our knowledge of species-area effects and relaxation faunas to design nature preserves that will maximize long-term species diversity.