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Abnormal Psychology > OCD + PTSD > Flashcards

OCD + PTSD Flashcards

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1
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders include…

A
  • OCD
  • Hoarding
  • Excoriation Disorder
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  • Trichotillomania
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2
Q

Obsessions

A

Unwanted, repetitive, intrusive thoughts
- not excessive real-life concerns
- Causes distress and anxiety

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3
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels compelled to perform
- Meant to reduce anxiety or prevent dreaded event
- Disproportionate to obsessions they are trying to relive
- Can become ritualistic, and over time lose connection
- Some people are aware it is unreasonable

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4
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

Involving obsessions, compulsions, or both
- Must be highly time consuming and interfere with everyday living
- Rituals can become rigid: develop obsessions and compulsions about not performing them properly

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5
Q

Magical Thinking

A

Believe that partaking in behaviour wards off danger in a way that would make sense to most people

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6
Q

Behaviour loop of OCD

A

Obsessive thought - Anxiety - Compulsive Behaviour - Temporary Relief

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7
Q

Compare and contrast Tic disorder and OCD

A

TIC DISORDER
- Sudden, short
- Fragmented movements
- Sensorimotor urges
- not related to anxiety
- involuntary
- waxing and waning
- also during sleep
OCD
- Ritualized
- Goal-directed
- Thoughts and imagninations
- Mostly related to anxitey
- Voluntary
- Waxing and waning
- Not during sleep

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8
Q

What is the heritability of OCD

A

27-65%

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9
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of OCD

A

0.93% in CAN
- similar across cultures and countries
- more prominent in white ethnic groups
- No gender bias
- More common to start in childhood

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10
Q

Therapies for OCD

A
  • SSRIs - 50-80% of patients experience reductions in obsessions and compulsions
  • CBT: Exposure and Response Prevention
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11
Q

Exposure and Response Prevention

A
  • exposure to objects or situations that produce anxiety, obsessive fears, compulsive behaviours
  • patients must resist compulsions
  • Learn that: compulsions do not cause obsessions to do away, anxiety surrounding obsessions is unfounded
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12
Q

Hoarding

A
  • Emotional attachment to random things - must keep
  • Causes comfort not distress
  • Dysfunctional - can be unsafe or interfere with basic activities
  • 5% prevalence in the US
  • more common as you get older
  • may give belongings human characteristics
  • Causes stress to get rid of stuff
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13
Q

Trichotillomania

A
  • Compelled to pull hair from body
  • most likely scalp or eyebrows
  • Automatic, hard-time inhibiting (similar to compulsions)
  • May be because its not sitting right way rather than automatic
  • Embarrassment or shame when people see aftermath or after engaging in behaviour
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14
Q

Excoriation Disorder

A
  • Picking at skin
  • Can include healthy skin or imperfections
  • multiple sites
  • damages skin
  • Embarrassment after engaging in behavior or when others notice
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15
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disoder

A
  • Preoccupation with the belief that one has a particular defect or flaw in their appearance
  • Perceived imperfection is imagined or greatly exaggerated
  • Can severely limit contact with others, or eye contact
  • Can cause people to go through great lengths to conceal the flaw - homebound, plastic surgery
  • Will check appearance, pick flaws, compare to others, seek reassurance form others
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16
Q

Trauma

A
  • Experience of personally affected psychological state, which can sometimes lead to psychological dysfunction
17
Q

Traumatic Event

A

When a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation
- Can happen to you, someone you are physically close to or emotionally close to
- Affects everyone differently
- 70% experience event -> not all develop PTSD

18
Q

What are the 4 types of symptoms required for PTSD diagnosis

A
  • Reexperiencing Traumatic Event
  • Avoidance
  • Negative Changes in thought or mood
  • hypervigilance
19
Q

Reexperiencing Traumatic Event

A
  • Intrusive images or thoughts, reoccurring nightmares
  • Flashbacks
20
Q

Flashbacks

A

Uncontrollable, intense, repeated episodes reliving the experience
- Can be difficult to distinguish between flashback and reality
- Usually only a few seconds, but can have long lasting emotional impacts

21
Q

Persistent Avoidance of situations, thoughts or memories

A
  • Including Social isolation and problems with interpersonal relationships
22
Q

Negative changes in thought and mood

A

Could include survivor guilt, feeling permanently damaged, chronic distress, emotional numbness, feelings of detachment

23
Q

Survivors Guilt

A

Can’t understand why you survived or weren’t injured when others were

24
Q

Hypervigilance and chronic Arousal

A
  • Feeling on guard, being vigilant to potential threat
  • Irritability,, agitation, anger-outbursts
  • changes in central nervous system leading to overarousal
25
Q

Acute stress disorder vs Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

A

ONSET
- A: 0-28 days after the trauma occurs
- P: At least one month after the trauma occurs

DURATION
- A: Lasts between three days and four weeks
- P: lasts at least one month and can persist for several years

26
Q

Prevalence of PTSD

A
  • 9.2% lifetime prevalence
  • More common in women, indigenous populations, members of the LGBTQ community, people with low SES, people of color
  • Often comorbid with depression, anxiety, substance use disorder
27
Q

What is the cause of PTSD

A

Traumatic event

28
Q

Multifinality

A
  • Start life under same circumstances
  • Experience different levels of life stress
  • Respond differently to traumatic event (PTSD vs no PTSD)
29
Q

Equifinality

A
  • Different in early life stages
  • Both respond the same to traumatic event (PTSD)
30
Q

The Traumatic Event theory of PTSD

A

Risk increases with
- Severity
- Duration
- Proximity
- Avoidant Coping strategies
- Memory problems
- Self- destructive coping strategies
- Dissociation immediatly after the event

31
Q

Biological approach to theories of PTSD

A
  • Some heritability
  • Resting cortisol levels lower in those with PTSD
  • Elevated heart rate
  • More epinephrine and norepinephrine
32
Q

Pre-frontal cortex in PTSD

A

May fail to prevent reactivation of memory traces associated with trauma

33
Q

Amygdala in PTSD

A

Overactivation of amygdala may make memories feel more visceral

34
Q

Hippocampus in PTSD

A

Dysfunction in hippocampus result in persistent emotional memories, dissociation, and arousal symptom

35
Q

Dissociation

A
  • Process in which different facets of sense of self, memories, or consciousness become disconnected from one another
  • Disruption of normal integration in memory identity, consciousness, perception, behaviour and motor control
  • More common for those with history of trauma
36
Q

Ernest Hilgard Experiment

A
  • Priming can be used to subconsciously encourage answers (HIDDEN OBSERVER PHENOMENON)
  • Active Mode of Consciousness: Conscious plans and desires, voluntary actions
  • Passive Receptive Mode of Consciousness: Can register and store information in memory without being aware

Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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