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Abnormal Psychology > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of mood disorders

A

Bipolar Disorders and Unipolar Disorders

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2
Q

Common symptoms of depressive disorders

A
  • Dysphoria
  • Anhedonia
  • Psychomotor retardation
  • Psychomotor agitation
  • Fatigue
  • Worthlessness/Guilt
  • Trouble Concentrating
  • Changes in sleep and appetite
  • sometimes psychotic symptoms
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3
Q

Dysphoria

A

Intense feelings of sadness

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4
Q

Anhedonia

A

Having no interest in things one previously found pleasure in

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5
Q

Psychomotor retardation

A

Physically slowed appearance

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6
Q

Psychomotor Agitation

A

Physical agitation
- fidgeting, difficulty sitting still

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7
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

Period of two or more weeks marked by at least 5 symptoms including sad mood and/or loss of pleasure

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8
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

Presence of at least one episode
- Can’t have history of mania or a shift in life that can explain mood
- once you experience one episode you are more likely to experience more
- Episode on average lasts 2 weeks to 9 months (will resolve on own)

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9
Q

Prolonged Greif Disorder

A

Impairment for more than 6 months pertaining to greif

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10
Q

Prevalence of MDD

A

Estimated 10% across cultures
- More common in woman than men across all cultures
- Less common in people of color

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11
Q

MDD with seasonal pattern

A
  • Two years of experiencing and fully recovering from episodes
  • For most, starts in fall/winter and resolves in spring
  • Cannot be explained by psychosocial events, such as seasonal unemployment
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12
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A
  • Depressed mood for most of the day, most days, for at least 2 years
  • Less intense symptoms
  • Symptoms do not cease for more than 2 months at a time
  • Worse functional consequences than MDD (more commonly comorbid with anxiety and substance use disorder)
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13
Q

Biological Approach to theories of depression

A

Heritability
- Females: 36-44%
- Males: 18-24%
Monoamines
- Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
- Less about how much of each and more about the interaction between them
Brain Differences
- Neural plasticity: ability for nervous system to modify itself in response to experience and injury
- Differences in anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

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14
Q

Differences in prefrontal cortex with depression

A

Decreased grey matter
- Specifically on left side

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15
Q

Differences in Amygdala with depression

A

Increase in size and activity

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16
Q

Differences in Hippocampus with depression

A

Decrease in size and activity

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17
Q

Behavioural Approach for theories of depression

A

More likely to have chronic life stressors
-96% have acute critical life event 6 months before
- Can contribute to anhedonia
- reduced positive reinforcement
Learned helplessness
- Uncontrollable negative events can cause feelings of helplessness
- Loss of motivation, reduction in efforts to change environment

18
Q

Learned helplessness Dog study

A

1) placed in hammock
- not able to move
- received shocks
2) Placed on grid floor with one safe side and one shock side
- Hammock dogs stay on same side (don’t avoid shocks)

19
Q

Learned helplessness Tail suspension test

A
  • Without learned helplessness try to get out of tail suspension
  • With learned helplessness don’t try and get out
20
Q

Psychological flexibility

A

Ability to adapt and adjust behaviours in response to situational demands

21
Q

Pakenham study on psychological flexibility

A

Investigated the role of psychological flexibility on mental health during lockdowns in COVID19 pandemic
- RESULTS: increased flexibility = decreased depression during pandemic

22
Q

Attribution-Helplessness Theory

A

When people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so
- Internal + global + stable
- Helpless to prevent future negative outcomes

23
Q

Cognitive approach to theories of depression

A

HOPELESSNESS DEPRESSION
NEGATIVE COGNITIVE TRIAD
RUNINATIVE RESPONSE STYLES THEORY

24
Q

Alloy et al. study on hopeless and optimistic attributional styles

A
  • First year students with hopeless and optimistic attributional styles interviewed every 6 weeks for 2 years
  • No depression history + hopeless more likely to develop MDD
  • Depression history +hopeless more likely to relapse
25
Q

Hopelessness depression

A

Cognitive theory
- Pessimistic attributions for important life events
- No way to cope with consequences

26
Q

Negative Cognitive triad

A

Cognitive approach
- negative views of themselves, the world, the future

27
Q

Ruminative Response Styles Theory

A
  • Some focus on how they feel when upset (but do not do anything about causes)
  • Depressed people more likely to dwell on negative stimuli, experience difficulty disengaging, remember more negative stimuli, recall vague memories than concrete
28
Q

Mania

A

Persistently elevated mood that causes psychological dysfunction

29
Q

Manic Episode

A

Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least one week
- In addition at least 3 other symptoms

30
Q

What is the core criterion for bipolar disoders

A

Emotional disturbance involving alternation of manic and depressive episodes

31
Q

Symptoms of manic episodes

A
  • Inflated self-esteem
  • Increased goal-directed activity
  • Racing thoughts
  • Decreased impulse control
  • Agitation
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Emotional, expansive or irritable mood
32
Q

Euthymia

A
  • Stable mood state
  • No mania or depression
33
Q

Mixed Episodes

A
  • Full criteria met or mania
  • 3 depressive symptoms
  • Every day for 1 week or longer
34
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder

A
  • Manic episodes that last at least 7 days
  • Experience periods of euthymia
  • can have mixed episodes
  • Some peoples depression is as bad as MDD
35
Q

Bipolar 2 Disoder

A
  • Less severe episodes of mania known as hypomania (lasts at least 4 days)
  • no psychotic episodes
  • don’t meet full criteria for mania but need to meet full criteria for depressive episode
36
Q

Cyclothymic Disorders

A

Chronic mood instability without extreme mood episodes
- Hypomania and depression but not meeting episodic criteria
- Increased risk of later developing bipolar 1 or 2
- Most common but no commonly diagnosed because it may seem like depression

37
Q

Prevalence and onset of bipolar disorder

A
  • 2.6% lifetime prevalence in Canada
  • No consistent differences between ethnic groups or cultures
  • late adolescence, early adulthood onset (20-25)
  • No significant gender differences
38
Q

Bipolar disorder comorbidity

A

More likely to abuse substances
- impairs control over disorder, medication adherence, functioning

39
Q

Biological approach to theories of bipolar disorders

A
  • Heritability = 79-93%
  • Some structural and functional brain differences
  • Dysregulation in dopamine system (High = reward seeking , Low = insensitivity to reward)
40
Q

Psychosocial contributors to bipolar disorders

A

More reward sensitive
Episodes can be triggered by:
- Family discord
- Goal-striving
- Changes in bodily rhythms
- Changes in social climate

Abnormal Psychology (12 decks)

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