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Abnormal Psychology > Fundamentals in Psychopathology > Flashcards

Fundamentals in Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal on a bell curve

A

-Top and bottom 2.5% deviate form the norm
- To be pathology need to cause distress or disfunction

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Fitting into the circumstances of your life
- Can be effected by abnormal deviations

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3
Q

Mental Disorder

A
  • Syndrome of clinically significant behaviour, cognitive, or emotional disturbances
  • Reflects dysfunction in underlying mental processes
  • Associated with distress or disability in important areas of functioning
  • Should be diagnosed by an expert
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4
Q

Neurodivergent

A

Non-medical term used to describe people whose brains function differently than the typical population
- usually associated with different strengths and challenges than the typical population

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5
Q

Prodromal

A

Symptoms that lead up to disorder or don’t meet threshold

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6
Q

Factors to consider when assessing symptoms

A
  • Frequency: How often
  • Intensity: How intense
  • Duration How long does it last and how long it reoccurs for
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7
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of a symptom or disorder

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8
Q

Etiological approaches

A
  • Biological Approaches: Brain dysfunction, genetics, biochemical imbalance
  • Psychological Approaches: learned behaviour or thinking patterns, maladaptive cognitions, dysfunction in family system, lack of personal growth, self-acceptance, love, creativity, meaning
  • Sociocultural Approaches: socioeconomic disadvantage, physical/cultural upheaval, stigmatization + marginalization, social media
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9
Q

The Biopsychosocial model

A
  • Considers all three approaches to etiology
  • Varying emphasis based on person and disorder
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10
Q

The diathesis Stress model

A

Model that states disorders emerge as a result of the interaction between a vulnerability (diathesis) and a trigger (stress)
- Slightly over threshold = mild disorder
- far past threshold = severe

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11
Q

Risk

A

Variables that precede and increase the chance of psychological impairment
- Can act on environment and indirectly effect you
- Can contribute to onset or persistence of symptoms

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12
Q

Transdiagnostic Risk factors

A

Factors that increase risk for multiple types of psychological problems
- Majority of risk factors

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13
Q

Resilience

A

Relatively positive outcome in the face of significantly adverse or traumatic experiences
- Individual differences in response to risk
- the ability to resist or overcome life’s adversities
- Internal trait

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14
Q

Protective factors

A

Environmental factors that decrease negative outcome of risk factors

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15
Q

Formulation

A

Our understanding of a case/client, including relevant risk, resilience, course, treatment

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16
Q

The 4 Ps of Formulation

A
  1. Predisposing Factors - Vulnerability
  2. Precipitating Factors - Triggers or stressors
  3. Perpetuating Factors - Conditions that are exacerbating the problem
  4. Protective Factors - Patient’s own competency, skill, interest
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17
Q

Ways to be assessed

A
  • Clinical Interview
  • Symptom Questionnaires
  • Intelligence Tests
  • Personality Inventories
  • Neuropsychological Test
  • Brain Imaging and psychophysiological tests
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18
Q

Goal of psychopathology assessments

A

To determine the client’s presenting problem and clinical description

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19
Q

Clinical Interviews

A
  • Conversation between mental health professional and client
  • 1st form of assessment
  • Information gathered about behaviour, attitudes, emotions, life history, personality
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20
Q

Pros and cons of structured interviews

A
  • Not adaptive
  • Standardized preventing clinician bias
  • May pick up on questions that wouldn’t normally be asked
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21
Q

Structured interview

A

A set of identical questions asked in exactly the same way

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22
Q

Semi-structured Interview

A

An interview schedule that is adapted depending on the replies of respondents

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23
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

No pre planned schedule, more like a conversation

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24
Q

Symptom Questionnaires

A

Patients complete themselves to report symptoms
- Not used for diagnosis
- Self report

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25
Q

Pros of symptom questionnaires

A
  • quick
  • starting point
  • see self perceptions
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26
Q

Challenges in assessment

A

Resistance in providing information
- don’t want to be there
- scared of specific diagnosis
- look good for assessor
- intimidated by assessor
Cultural differences between assessor and client
- talk and think about symptoms differently
- Racial and cultural bias

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27
Q

Classification

A

The delineation of major categories

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28
Q

Diagnosis

A

Assigning a category of a classification system to an individual

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29
Q

Category

A

A discrete grouping
- Your symptoms either fit in the category or they don’t

30
Q

Dimension

A

An attribute is considered continuous and can occur to various degrees

31
Q

Features used to describe a category or dimension

A
  • Must occur together regularly
  • Must occur in one or more situations
  • Must be measured by one or more methods
32
Q

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A
  • Most widely used classification system in North America
  • Currently on DSM-5-TR (Continuously revised)
  • Uses a categorical approach (some disorders are also dimensional)
  • Created based on the consensus of clinicians that certain characteristics occur together
33
Q

Alternatives to the DSM

A

International Classification of disease
- Primarily categorical some dimensional
- By WHO (global standard)
- Includes mental and physical disorders
Research Domain Criteria
- By NIMH as alternative to DSM
- Neuroscience approach
- Medical approach
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
- By group of influential assessment researchers
- Dimensional model
- Captures disfunction below threshold
- Complicated to use, requires training

34
Q

Issues with the classification system

A

Reifying Diagnoses
- seeing a diagnosis as true rather than a set of judgements about how symptoms tend to occur together
- Can cause clinicians to focus on the disorder rather than problems underlying the disorder
Category vs continuum
- Continuum is ideal in theory, perhaps not in practice
Cultural Issues
- A person’s experience with mental illness will depend on their culture

35
Q

Ghost Sickness

A
  • Specific to some native American cultures
  • Preoccupation with death
  • manifested with intense dreams and anxiety
  • similar to grieving syndrome but don’t need someone to die
36
Q

Taijin Kyofusho

A
  • Specific to Japan
  • Intense fear that ones body offends or displeases others
37
Q

Amok

A
  • Specific to Malaysia, Laos, Philippines, Polynesia
  • Period of brooding and then violent outburst (may be homosidal)
38
Q

Comorbidity

A

Person meets criteria for more than one disorder
- Some more linked than others
Many disorders have
- mixed patterns of behaviour
- shared risk factors
- impacts of the onset or development of others
- effective treatments

39
Q

The impact of labels

A
  • Being placed in a subgroup has implications for how someone may be viewed and treated by others
    May lead to:
  • Overgeneralization
  • negative perceptions
  • different expectations
  • minimization of interpersonal and social context
40
Q

Stigmatization

A

The act of regarding someone or oneself with disapproval due to association with devalued label or group

41
Q

Rosenhan study on mental health problems being a social construct

A
  • Dr. Rosenhan and 7 colleagues visited 12 mental hospitals across the US and reported hearing voices
  • All admitted to psychiatric institutions with diagnoses of schizophrenia
  • stopped reporting symptoms once admitted and behaved as usual
  • remained in hospital for an average of 19 days
  • Received minimal attention
  • other patients able to recognize that they didn’t belong
42
Q

Intervention

A

Umbrella term that encompasses
- Systematic prevention of psychological difficulty
- treatment of psychological difficulty

43
Q

Prevention

A

Interventions for individuals who are not yet experiencing a disorder or to prevent disorder from getting worse or side issues form happening
- may be generalized or targeted to those at risk

44
Q

Treatment

A

Interventions for individuals who are already experiencing a disorder
- those who experience relatively high symptoms

45
Q

How has the view on prevention programs changed

A

THEN
- Cause of disorders difficult to establish
- Prevention programs intrude on parental values

NOW
- Ethically - to reduce suffering
- Practically - there are not enough clinicians
- Financially - treatment is costly

46
Q

Caplan’s prevention model

A

PRIMARY - Efforts to prevent
- General health enhancement
- prevention of specific dysfunction
SECONDARY - Efforts to slow progression
- Shorten existing causes
- referral, diagnosis, treatment
TERTIARY - Efforts to reduce residual problems
- Reduce impact on QOL
- Reduce financial strain
- prevent relapse
- rehabilitation and accommodations

47
Q

Current treatment model

A
  1. Universal prevention
    - Offered to everyone
    - Includes general health knowledge, education, self-esteem, confidence
  2. Selective prevention
    - People at higher risk
    - Financial, family stress, genetics
  3. Indicated prevention
    - High risk individual who show minimal symptoms or signs for casting the disorder
48
Q

Types of biological treatments

A
  • Drugs
  • Electric stimulation
49
Q

Types of psychological treatments

A
  • Behavior therapies
  • Cognitive therapies
  • Family systems therapy
  • Humanistic therapy
  • Psychodynamic therapies
50
Q

Drug therapies

A
  • Aim to improve neurotransmitter systems
  • Standard first-line treatments (helps you so that you can learn coping skills through talk therapy
51
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A
  • Reduce symptoms of depression
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
52
Q

What is serotonin involved with

A

Mood, sleep, digestion

53
Q

What is norepinephrine involved

A

Attention, arousal, stress reactions

54
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

Barbiturates
- Induce relaxation, sleep
- highly addictive resulting in serious withdrawal symptoms
Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)
- Lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam
- very common
- also addictive (80% people experience withdrawal after 6 months)
- Also treat seizures or insomnia

55
Q

Behavioral Therapies

A

Identifies reinforcements and punishments that contribute to a person’s maladaptive behaviours
- works to change specific behaviours
- E.x. Systematic desensitization therapy

56
Q

Systematic desensitization therapy

A

Gradual method for extinguishing anxiety response to stimuli
STEPS:
1. learn relaxation techniques
2. Create hierarchy of fear stimuli
3. Move through hierarchy
- Want to always feel slightly uncomfortable

57
Q

Cognitive therapies

A

Therapist helps client identify and challenge negative thoughts and dysfunctional belief systems
- often combined with behavioral on techniques (focuses on the here and now and encourages the gathering of evidence about the situation)
GOALS
- Identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts
- Challenge thoughts and consider alternatives
- face fears and recognize ways to cope

58
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Clinician’s efforts to integrate and embrace cultural differences and acknowledging the influence of their own culture
Should consder:
- World view
- race and ethnicity
- gender
- sexual orientation
- religion
HELPS TO CREATE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE

59
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

Strong client clinician bond resulting in increased effectiveness in treatment
- Leads to increased engagement, more active, satisfaction and persistence

60
Q

Indigenous Healing Practices

A

CULTURALLY SPECIFIC THERAPY
- Treat body, mind and spirit
- High community involvement

61
Q

Hispanic Curanderos/Curanderas

A

CULTURAL SPECIFIC THERAPY
- Religion-based rituals to overcome illness causing distress
- Prayers, incantations, remedies

62
Q

Positive Therapeutic Relationship

A

Focuses on creating an authentic relationship
- open and empathetic
- feelings align with client
- person instead of authority
- Unconditional positive regard (accept mistakes and forgive yourself)

63
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Freud initially emphasized the importance of a positive relationship with the client
- Currently central to client-centered therapy developed by carl rogers

64
Q

Client-centered therapy

A
  • Type of humanistic therapy
  • therapists express genuineness in their role as a helper
  • Serving as an authentic person rather than an authority figure (Congruence)
65
Q

What are the two effective treatments

A
  1. Positive therapeutic relationship
  2. Explanation + interpretation for distress
66
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of who works in mental health

A

Psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, social worker/ psychotherapist

67
Q

Psychiatrist

A
  • Assesses, diagnosis, treats (including pharmaceutical), and researches major mental health disorders
  • Biological or medical perspective
  • MD followed by residency training program
68
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A
  • Assesses, diagnoses, treats (non-pharmaceutical) and researchers major mental health disorders
  • A clinical Ph.D. in the field of psychology, which includes research
69
Q

Social worker/ Psychotherapsit

A
  • Treat disorders with psychotherapy ( but don’t necessarily diagnose)
  • Masters in psychotherapy or social work
70
Q

Research in Mental Health

A

There are scientists and clinician/scientists that research mental disorders and symptomology focusing on
1. Clinical description or diagnosis
2. Causation (etiology)
3. Treatment and outcome

71
Q

Science Practitioner model

A
  • Gap between science and practice
  • Filled in by those who practice informing science and science legitimizing practice

Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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