Observational Techniques (AO1 + AO3) Flashcards
3 Types of Observational Techniques
naturalistic/controlled
covert/overt
participant/non-participant
Naturalistic
carried out in an unaltered setting without observer interfering
e.g. an observation of a mall with ppl going abt their daily business
Positives of Naturalistic
- high ecological validity
- more natural behaviour = less demand characteristics
Negatives of Naturalistic
- less reliable as difficult to replicate exact same conditions
- less control of extraneous variables
Controlled
conducted under strict conditions
e.g. an observation room/lab setting
extraneous variables can be controlled to avoid interference with behaviour
Positives of Controlled
- more reliable bc they can be replicated/repeated
- high control over variables
- higher internal validity (bc of control over extraneous variables)
Negatives of Controlled
- lower external validity bc of artificial environment
- demand characteristics
Covert
an ‘undisclosed’ observation - observing ppl without their prior knowledge - ppts usually told abt the study after it has taken place
e.g. one way mirror
Positives of Covert
- investigator effects are less likely
- less demand characteristics bc ppts unaware of observation
- more natural behaviour
Negatives of Covert
many ethical issues:
- ppts cant give informed consent
- ppts dont have right to withdraw
- have not been fully briefed
but observations in public places are completely legal
Overt
observations that are ‘open’ and ppts know that they are being observed
e.g. filming publicly or a teacher observing a class
Positives of Overt
- much more ethically sound than covert operation
Negatives of Overt
- posibility of investigator effects, observer can treat
Participant
person conducting the observation also takes part in the activity being observed
this can be done either covertly or overtly
Positives of Participant
- research can obtain in depth data w rich detail
- observer gains unique insight
- pick up on behaviours that might be overlooked otherwise