Features of Science (AO1) Flashcards
Paradigm
shared set of assumptions + methods (e.g. big-bang)
Paradigm in Psychology
bc psych is multi-disciplinary, we have lots of different paradigms - all the different approaches (some argue psych is a ‘pre-science’ bc of this)
Paradigm Shifts
paradigm shifts occur when researchers begin to question an existing paradigm + when enough contradictory evidence is gathered, a new paradigm is established
Paradigm Shifts in Psychology
psych has has established paradigms, psychodynamic huge in the 1900’s but shifted to behaviourism in the 30’s/40’s + cognitive in the 60’s. now, majority use cognitive neuroscience
Theory Construction
occurs through gathering evidence via direct observation (empirical method)
Hypothesis Testing
refers to testing this theory using objective methods to determine whether the theory will be supported or refuted - if it’s refuted the theory will change
What can Theory Construction + Hypothesis Testing be
inductive - where psychologists conduct research to create a theory
deductive - where psychologists start with a theory + create new hypothesis to test
Falsifiability
refers to the idea that a research hypothesis could be proved wrong bc it can be observed, measured, tested
scientific research can never be truly ‘proven’ correct BUT should be subject to research attempts to prove them false
if not - considered a pseudoscience
Replicability
refers to the ability to conduct research again + achieve consistent results (reliability)
if findings are valid, psychologists would expect any replication of a study using the same standardised procedures would produce similar results across different contexts
in order for this to be achieved, it’s vital that psychologists report their investigations with precision - so that others can replicate the methods + findings
Objectivity
researchers must not let their personal opinions, judgements or biases interfere with the data they are collecting
lab experiment are objective bc they have high control over extraneous variables
observations + natural experiments can be more subjective bc it requires more interpretation from the researcher
the Empirical Method
empiricism from ‘empeiria’ (greek for experience)
emphasis on data collected from direct experience
the experimental method is an example of how we can achieve this - the format you have been doing for years in science! (observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion)
a theory cannot claim to be scientific unless it has been empirically tested + verified