Obrien -Abdominal radiography

Question 1

In which projection does the diaphragm appear as a 3 domed structure in dogs, DV OR VD?

Answer 1

VD

-appears flattened on DV view in dogs
- in cats is flat on both projections

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a sub lumbar muscle?

A) Psoas major
B) Psoas minor
C) Iliopsoas
D) Quadratus lumborum

Answer 2

Answer = A

Question 3

Where does the quadratus lumborum muscle insert?

Answer 3

Wing of the ilium

Question 4

Left and right triangular ligaments of the liver connect _______ to _______.

Answer 4

Lateral lobes of liver to diaphragmatic crura

Question 5

What are the atomic numbers (Z) of iodine & barium?

Answer 5

Iodine = 53
Barium = 56

Question 6

What are 2 ddx for hepatomegaly, renomegaly, & peritoneal effusion in abdominal radiographs in a cat?

Answer 6

Lymphosarcoma or FIP

Question 7

Which 5 cranial nerves are responsible for supplying the motor impulses necessary for normal swallowing?

Answer 7

CrN 5, 9, 10, 11, & 12

Question 8

Which is the most frequent tumor of the pharyngeal region?

A) Thyroid carcinoma
B) Lymphoma
C) Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
D) None of the above

Answer 8

Answer = C

Question 9

T or F, in lateral contrast radiography of the esophagus, in dogs (compared to/different from cats) the terminal thoracic esophagus appears as cone with the apex in the oral direction?

Answer 9

False.

The cone appearance of the terminal esophagus is correct but this is seen in CATS not dogs

Question 10

In cases of chronic esophagitis, the mucosal surfaces tend to be choose (smooth or thick) and _______-shaped with apex of the stenosis in a _____direction.

Answer 10

Smooth mucosal surface
Cone -shaped
Apex in aborad direction

Question 11

Smudging or indistinctness of barium coating the esophagus may be suggestive of what condition?

Answer 11

Esophageal ulceration

Question 12

In an esophageal diverticulum, which portion of the wall is affected?

A) serosal
B) submucosal
C) muscularis
D) mucosal

Answer 12

Answer = D

Question 13

An esophageal traction diverticulum tends to localized, thick-walled & results from what?

Answer 13

Results from adhesion & contraction of the esophageal wall due to a periesophageal lesion (e.g. paraesophageal abscess)

Question 14

An esophageal pulsion diverticulum is a result of what?

Answer 14

Pulsion diverticulum is a result of mucosal protrusion due to increased intraluminal pressure. (E.g. secondary to PRAA)

-Think Pulsion, Protrusion of mucosa, increased intraluminal Pressure

Weakness of the muscular layer may predispose to this type of diverticulum

Question 15

T or F, there is usually a large pressure gradient between the stomach and terminal esophagus at the GE junction?

Answer 15

FALSE. Usually NOT a significant pressure gradient between

Question 16

Fistula formation between the esophagus & respiratory tract (esophagotracheal, esophagobronchial, or esophagopulmonary) results from _____?

Answer 16

Injury to esophageal wall secondary to the presence of a foreign body.
Terminology depends on the level of communication with the respiratory tract

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of gastrin?

A) Stimulates gastric acid & pepsin secretion
B) Growth of gastric mucosa
C) Contraction of pyloric sphincter
D) muscular contraction of stomach

Answer 17

Answer = C

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of gastrin?

A) Stimulates gastric acid & pepsin secretion
B) Growth of gastric mucosa
C) Contraction of pyloric sphincter
D) muscular contraction of stomach

Answer 18

Answer = C

Question 19

Describe what causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome & what are the C/S associated with this condition?

Answer 19

Results from excessive gastrin secretion (caused by multiple endocrine adenomas)

-Rugal thickening, ulceration mainly duodenal, diarrhea, & steatorrhea

Question 20

Enlargement of the ______lobes of the liver displaces the pylorus caudally.

Answer 20

Right lobes displace pylorus caudally.

Left liver lobe enlargement displaces the fundus/body caudally.

Question 21

The diameter of the fundus & proximal body of a normal canine stomach on RLR should be _______ intercostal spaces in width & approximately ____times as wide as the pyloric portion.

Answer 21

Should be < 3 ICS
2x as wide as pylorus

Question 22

Describe the most common direction of rotation and movement of the canine stomach during a GDV?

Answer 22

Clockwise rotation

In a typical 180° torsion, the pylorus/ proximal duodenum first move VENTRALLY then cranial to the body of the stomach. pylorus continues to migrate from right to left past midline (due to stretching of hepatoduodenal ligament, creating a fold in the stomach). The pylorus is then located DORSAL to the esophagus and gastric fundus on the LEFT side of the abdominal cavity

Question 23

Which type of contrast agent should be considered for radiolucent gastric foreign bodies?

Answer 23

Negative contrast

Question 24

Gastric mucosal erosion or ulceration produces what type of appearance with positive contrast administration?

Answer 24

Irregular, patchy barium coating

Normal appearance is a smooth, thin, uniformly dense layer of barium on the gastric wall

Question 25

T or F, organic iodine compounds induce hypermotility of the GIT thereby reducing the time required for upper GI contrast study?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Space-occupying gastric lesions (e.g. FBs) have what appearance on positive contrast studies?

Answer 26

Radiolucent filling defects surrounded by barium

Question 27

What is the characteristic sign of pyloric hypertrophy causing pyloric stenosis on positive contrast gastrography in a dog?

Answer 27

Contrast seen extending within concentrically narrowed and elongated pylorus -identified as a “beak” or “string” sign (produced by contrast material in narrowed pyloric sphincter) or “tit” sign (convex bulging silhouette of the lesser curvature)

Question 28

Pyloric dysfunction is predisposed in which cat breed?

Answer 28

Siamese

Question 29

What are the 3 radiographic changes seen with inflammation/hypertrophy of the pyloric submucosa & mucosa?

Answer 29

1) Irregular mucosal surface
2) Prominent mucosal folds of the pyloric canal that extend into the sphincter
3) Haziness of contrast- mucosal interface

Question 30

Which of the following radiographic signs is NOT associated with gastric ulceration?

A) Radiating mucosal pattern
B) outpouching of wall beyond the gastric lumen
C) Beak or tit sign associated with regional lumen hypertrophy
D) Prolonged gastric transit with rapid intestinal transit time

Answer 30

Answer =C (beak and tit sign seen with pyloric stenosis)

Signs of gastric ulceration:
- outpouching of wall beyond lumen or ulcer crater
- rigid wall appearance next to crater
- decreased diameter of pyloric region & straightening of pylorus and fundus
- radiating mucosal pattern
- abnormal mucosal folds
- Prolonged gastric transit with rapid intestinal transit time
- signs of peritonitis if ulcer perforated

Question 31

In comparison to benign ulcers, malignant ulcers tend to ___?

A) both exhibit a Hampton line
B) be located centrally if found in the region of a gastric tumor
C) have a regular shape with a smooth floor
D) have a shallow depth & wider width

Answer 31

Answer = D

-Hampton line represents the mucosa at the margin of the ulcer, usually radiolucent & seen in benign ulcers
- malignant ulcers seen eccentrically within a tumor
- malignant ulcers are irregularly shaped with nodular floor

Question 32

Peyer’s patches are located in what region(s) of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs & cats, respectively?

A) both in duodenum
B) Dog - duodenum; Cat - duodenum, jejunum
C) Dog - duodenum; cat - jejunum, ileum
D) dog - duodenum, jejunum; cat -ileum

Answer 32

Answer = C

Question 33

Low volume, high frequency stools with excessive amounts of mucus and red blood are cardinal signs of ____ bowel disorders that produce diarrhea.

Answer 33

Large bowel diarrhea