Arthrology Flashcards
What are the 3 basic types of joints?
1) Fibrous (Synarthrosis) = little movement with short, direct & often transient union (e.g - syndesmoses, sutures, gomphoses)
2) Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis) = limited movement (compression/stretching)
3) Synovial (Diarthroses) = facilite movement
What is a syndesmosis?
Fibrous joint w/ considerable intervening CT (ex = hyoid apparatus attachment to petrous temporal bone)
Where are sutures commonly found?
Flat bones of the skull (type of fibrous joint)
What are 4 types of sutures?
1) Serrated: articulates via alternating processes & depressions
2) Squamous: overlapping of reciprocally beveled edges
3) Plane: bones meet @ right-angled surfaces
4) Foliate: edge of 1 bone fits into fissure or recess of adjacent bone
What is a schindylesis?
Interlocking uneven jagged edges of bones in a fibrous joint
What is a gomphosis?
Implantation of a tooth in alveolus via fibrous union (formed by periodontal lig)
Which type of joint is usually temporary?
Hyaline cartilage joints (aka primary joints) - represent persistent parts of the fetal skeleton or secondary cartilage of growing bones (e.g - epiphysis untied w/ diaphysis by cartilaginous physical plate)
Costochondral junction are what type of joint?
Persistent hyaline cartilage joints
Secondary joints are also called what?
Fibrocartilaginous joints
Pelvic symphysis, intermandibular articulation, sternebrae & vertebral bodies are examples of what types of joints?
Fibrocartilaginous joints
What are the 4 components of a synovial joint?
Joint cavity
Joint capsule (outer fibrous layer & inner synovial membrane)
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Where are collateral ligaments developed?
In fibrous layer of joint capsule
What forms the blood supply of synovial joints?
Arterial & venous network from parent trunks in the vicinity of the joint
- supplies capsule & also epiphyses bordering the joint
Synovial fluid is produced from _______?
Synovial membrane
T or F, the synovial membrane covers the articular cartilage?
False, it blends with the periosteum as it reflects on the bone
What two portions of a synovial joint are NOT covered by the synovial membrane?
Articular cartilage & the contact surface of fibrocartilaginous plates
What is another term for fibrous membrane?
Capsular ligament
Thickenings of the fibrous portion of the joint capsule form what?
Ligaments
T or F, hyaline cartilage contains neither blood vessels and nerve
True
Where does articular cartilage receive it’s nutrition from?
Synovia
The thickness of the articular cartilage in a joint is proportionall to what?
Weight borne by joint
What structure completely or partially divides a joint cavity into 2 parts?
Meniscus or disc
What are the only two synovial joints in the dog that possess menisci?
Stifle & TMJ
Ligaments & tendons unite what 2 things, respectively?
Ligaments unite bone with bone
Tendons unite muscle with bone
What is the term for the structure that deepens the sockets of certain ball & socket synovial joints by ridges of dense fibrocartilage?
Glenoid lips
What are the 3 ways synovial joints may be classified?
Number of articulating surfaces
Shape or form of the articular surfaces
Function of the joint
According to number of articular surfaces, a joint is either _____ or _____.
Simple or compound (2 or more articular surfaces w/in same capsule)
What are the 7 basic types of synovial joints based on articular surface shape/form?
1) Plane (flat surface –> gliding motion)
2) Ball & Socket
3) Ellipsoid (e.g antebrachiocarpal)
4) Hinge (ginglymus) –> flexion & extension w/ limited rotational degree
5) Condylar –> rounded prominences or condyles that fit into reciprocal depressions (e.g stifle)
6)Trochoid aka pivot –> chief movement along longitudinal axis (e.g medial AA & proximal radioulnar joints)
7) Saddle –> opposed surfaces usually at right angles that are convex & concave to eachother (e.g - tarsocrural, interphalangeal)
What three structures form the TMJ?
Condyloid process of mandible, mandibular fossa of temporal bone, & lateral ligament (tightens as jaw opens)
Where does the apical ligament of the dens attach?
Basioccipital bone @ ventral part of foramen magnum
The apical ligament of the dens is a remnant of what structure?
Notochord
Alar ligaments of dens attach where?
Occipital condyles (caudal portion)
What 3 structures support of the atlantoaxial joint?
Apical ligament of the dens
Two alar ligaments
Transverse atlantal ligament (holds dens against ventral arch of atlas)
Where does the nuchal ligament oringinate & attach?
Large spinous process of axis & spins process of T1
Where does the supraspinous ligament originate & attach?
Spinous process of T1 to 3rd caudal vertebra
What is the origin of the nucleus pulposus?
Mass of mesodermal cell remnants of the notochord
Is the annulus fibrosis thicker ventrally or dorsally?
Ventrally (by 1.5 to 3x)
What are the narrowest disc spaces of the cervical & lumbar spine?
C2-C3 & L4-5
What are the widest cervical & lumbar disc spaces?
C4-6 & L4-L5
What 4 ligaments are associated w/ each intervertebral disc?
Dorsal & ventral longitudiinal ligaments (pass btw vertebral bodies)
Ligament of the head of the rib (rib head to disc & two adjacent vertebrae)
Intercapital ligament (one rib head to another, along dorsal surface of intervertebral disc & floor of vertebral canal)
What 4 spots is the inter capital ligament regularly absent from?
1st, 11th, 12th, & 13th ribs
Where do the yellow ligaments (aka interarcuate ligaments) run?
Between the arches of adjacent vertebrae
What does the epidural space separate?
The ligaments & arches of the vertebrae from the dura covering the spinal cord
What structure holds the biceps brachia tendon & its synovial sheath in the bicipital groove?
Transverse humeral retinaculum
The tendons of which 5 muscles provide support for the glenohumeral joint?
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor (lateral)
Teres major (medial)
Which joint in the elbow transmits most of the weight supported by the limb?
Humeroradial joint
What is the main function of the humeroulnar joint?
Stabilizes & restricts movement to sagittal plane
What joint of the elbow allows for antebrachial rotation?
Proximal radioulnar joint (allows for supination)
What ligaments of the elbow divide into 2 crura?
Lateral collateral ligament (
T or F, the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow often contains a sesamoid bone?
True
