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OBGYN > OBN: Maternal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

OBN: Maternal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

At 32-34 weeks AOG, the blood volume is ____% above the non-pregnant volume

A

40-45%

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2
Q

Hemoglobin cut off during the 2nd trimester

A

More than 10.5g/dL

1st - 10mg/dL
3rd - 11g/dL

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3
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism of the heart as a response to the increase of CO during pregnancy?

A

Increase in SV, Increase HR

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4
Q

The decrease in SVR is due to what hormone ____

A

progesterone

it leads to smooth muscle relaxation

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5
Q

The Tidal volume during pregnancy increases by how many percent

A

30 to 40%

Also increase in minute ventilation of 30 to 40%

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6
Q

What pulmonary parameter decrease in pregnancy?

A

Expiratory reserve volume decreases due to elevation of the diaphragm

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7
Q

Morning sickness is attributed to elevation of what hormone

A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Progesteron
  3. hCG
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8
Q

What are the changes in the GI system during pregnancy?

A
  1. Prolonged gastric emptying time

2. Decreased LES tone

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9
Q

What are the changes in the renal system during pregnancy?

A
  1. GFR increases by 50%

2. BUN, Crea decrease by 25%

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10
Q

RAAS system is activated during pregnancy resulting to increased aldosterone. In order to compensate with the increase in sodium reabsorption, the kidneys ___

A

increases GFR

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11
Q

What happens to the plasma volume during pregnancy?

A

increases by 50%

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12
Q

What happens to the RBC volume during pregnancy?

A

Increases by 20 to 30%

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13
Q

Pregnancy is considered to be a hypercoaguable state is primarily attributed to

A

Elevation in the level of fibrinogen and factors VII-XI

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14
Q

Estrogen increase during pregnancy is due primarily to what orgen?

A

placenta

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15
Q

The alpha subunit of hCG is identical to what hormones?

A
  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. TSH
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16
Q

In early pregnancy, hCG is produced in the placenta to maintain

A

Corpus luteum

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17
Q

What hormone maintains the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

It also causes smooth muscle relaxation

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18
Q

What hormone during pregnancy is important for ensuring a constant nutrient supply to the fetus?

A

hPL

also known as hCS

It induces lipolysis with concomitant increase in circulating free fatty acids

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19
Q

MSK condition associated during pregnancy

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of the median nerve)

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20
Q

Enlargement of the uterus are due to

A
  1. Stretching

2. Hypertrophy

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21
Q

Most of the uterine wall is formed by the ___ layer

A

middle layer

this is perforated by blood vessels in all direction

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22
Q

Myocytes in the middle layer form a figure of ____ permitting it to contract after felivery

A

Forms a figure of 8

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23
Q

Dextrorotation of the uterus is due to

A

rectosigmoid

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24
Q

What are the hormones that augment NO synthase and NO production

A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. Activin
  4. Placental Growth factor
  5. Vascular endothelial growth factor
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25
_____ poor crystalization of cervical mucus
Beading
26
____ amniotic fluid leakage; arborization of ice crystals
Ferning
27
___ endocervical gland hyperplasia and hypersecretory appearance which is difficult to differentiate from atypical glandular cells
arias stella reaction
28
___ greater vascularity and hyperemia in the skin and muscles of perineum; cervix becomes violet color in characteristic
Chadwick
29
___ slightly elevated clear or red patches that bleed easily; seen just beneath the ovarian surface; stimulated by progesterone
Decidual reaction
30
__ hormone aids in remodeling of reproductive tract connective tissue to accommodate labor
relaxin
31
___ exaggerated physiological follicle stimulation; bilateral, moderately to massively enlarged cystic ovaries
Theca Lutein Cust
32
What are the factors that is responsible for insulin resistance in pregnancy?
1. Progesterone 2. Placentally-derived growth hormone 3. Prolactin 4. Cortisol 5. TNF 6. Leptin
33
Lipolysis during pregnancy
Increased
34
___ hormone released by adipose tissue that is important for implantation and cell proliferation and angiogenesis
leptin
35
[Electrolytes and Minerals] What electrolytes has increased requirement
Iron and Iodine
36
[Electrolytes and Minerals] decreased in the serum
1. Total serum calcium | 2. Serum magnesium
37
[Hematologic and Immunologic changes] What increases during pregnancy
1. Blood volume 2. TH2 secretion IL4, IL10, IL13 3. IgA and IgG 4. Leukocyte 5. ESR 6. CRP 7. Procalcitonin
38
[Hematologic and Immunologic changes] What decreases during pregnancy
1. Hgb Hct 2. Whole blood viscosity 3. TH1 response 4. TH1 secretion og IL2, IF alpha, TNF
39
[Coagulation and Fibrinolysis] What increases during pregnancy
1. Fibrinogen 2. Factor VII 3. Factor X 4. Plasminogen 5. tPA 6. Antithrombin 3
40
[Hematologic and Immunologic changes] What decreases during pregnancy
1. Protein C 2. Protein S 3. Platelet count
41
What are the ECG changes during pregnancy?
1. Q wave in lead III 2. Reduction in PR interval 3. Leftward deviation of the QRS complex due to elevated diaphragm in 3rd trimester
42
___ are secreted in response to chamber wall stretching; regulates blood volume by natriuresis, diuresis and vascular smooth muscle relaxation
ANP and BNP
43
What hormone produced by the heart in response to chamber wall stretching increases in severe preeclampsia?
BNP
44
____ is the principal prostaglandin of endothelium; increases in late pregnancy, decreased amount is related to preeclampsia
prostacyclin
45
___ elevated levels is associated with preeclampsia; produced in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle; production is stimulated by Ang II, arginine, vasopressin and thrombin
Endothelin
46
____ potent vasodilator released by endothelial cells; mediates placental vascular tone and development;
NO
47
In pregnancy, this pulmonary function parameter will not change
Lung comploance
48
[Test of renal function: increase or decrease] Serum creatinine
decreased
49
[Test of renal function: increase or decrease] creatinine clearance
increased about 30%
50
[Test of renal function: increase or decrease] kidney size
increase to 1cm
51
[Test of renal function: increase or decrease] GFR
Increase to 50%
52
Ureter is displaced in this direction
laterally, compressed at pelvic brim
53
[Increase or decrease] Bladder muscle
Hyperplasia of bladder muscle, reduced bladder capacity
54
Why is the proteinuria in pregnancy minimal?
Due to hyperfiltration and reduced tubular reabsorption
55
What GI-related hormones and factors increase during pregnancy?
1. ALP 2. Serum albumin 3. Serum globulin 4. Leucine aminopeptidase
56
What GI-related hormones and factors decrease during pregnancy?
1. AST 2. ALT 3. GGT 4. Bilirubin 5. GB contractility
57
What hormone in pregnancy inhbits CCK-mediated GB contraction?
progesterone
58
[Increase of decrease] pituitary size
increase
59
[Increase of decrease] growth hormone (maternal)
increase from 10 weeks to 28 weeks
60
[Increase of decrease] growth hormone (placental)
increases secreted by syncitiotrophoblast
61
[Increase of decrease] prolactin
increases during normal pregnancy
62
___ weeks AOG where fetal thyroid begin to concentrate iodine?
10-12 weeks AOG
63
___ week AOG where fetus starts to secrete thyroid hormone
20 weeks AOG
64
What is the principal glucococorticoid during pregnancy
Cortisol Adrenal secretion is not elevated
65
What is the principal mineralocorticoid during pregnancy?
aldosterone as early as 15 weeks

OBGYN (33 decks)

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