objective 2.6 (2)

Question 1

what are the principal ECF electrolytes?

Answer 1

sodium cations
chloride anions

Question 2

what is the principal ICF electrolyte?

Answer 2

potassium cation

Question 3

what are the AE of fluid/electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 3

dehydration
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia

Question 4

hirst, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
weakness, dizziness, fever , confusion

Answer 4

dehydration

Question 5

confusion, hypotension, irritability,
tachycardia

Answer 5

hyponatremia

Question 6

red flushed skin, dry mucous
membranes, thirst and temperature, hypertension

Answer 6

hypernatremia

Question 7

anorexia, N&V, muscle weakness,
depression, confusion, cardiac arrhythmias, irregular fast apical pulse,
leg cramps

Answer 7

hypokalemia

Question 8

irritability, anxiety, confusion, cardiac
arrhythmias, abdominal pain.

Answer 8

hyperkalemia

Question 9

what are potassium containing foods?

Answer 9

Bananas, oranges, apricots, dates, raisins, broccoli, green beans,
potatoes, tomatoes, meats, fish, wheat bread, and legumes

Question 10

what is potassium responsible for>

Answer 10

Muscle contraction, Transmission of nerve
impulses, Regulation of heartbeat, Maintenance of acid–base balance,
Isotonicity, Electrodynamic characteristics of the cell

Question 11

what is the normal potassium levels?

Answer 11

3.5 to 5 mmol/L

Question 12

what are the indications of potassium?

Answer 12

Treatment or prevention of potassium depletion when dietary
means are inadequate
 Other therapeutic uses: Stop irregular heartbeats, Management of
tachydysrhythmias that can occur after cardiac surgery

Question 13

what are the AE of potassium

Answer 13

 Oral preparations: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal
bleeding, ulceration
 IV administration: Pain at injection site, Phlebitis
 Excessive administration: Hyperkalemia, Toxic effects, Cardiac arrest

Question 14

excessive serum potassium; serum potassium level over 5.5
mmol/L
 Potassium supplements, ACE Inhibitors, Kidney failure, Excessive loss
from cells, Potassium-sparing diuretics, Burns, Trauma, Metabolic
acidosis, Infections
 manifestations: Muscle weakness, paresthesia,
paralysis, cardiac rhythm irregularities (leading to possible ventricular
fibrillation and cardiac arrest)

Answer 14

hyperkalemia

Question 15

deficiency of potassium; serum potassium level less than 3.5
mmol/L
 Excessive potassium loss (rather than poor dietary intake)
 Alkalosis, Corticosteroids, Diarrhea, Ketoacidosis, Hyperaldosteronism,
Increased secretion of mineralocorticoids, Burns, Thiazide, thiazide-like,
and loop diuretics, Vomiting, Malabsorption

Answer 15

hypokalemia

Question 16

what is the normal sodium level?

Answer 16

135 to 145 mmol/L

Question 17

what is sodium obtained in?

Answer 17

Salt, fish, meats, foods flavoured or preserved with salt

Question 18

what is sodium responsible for?

Answer 18

Control of water
distribution, Fluid and electrolyte balance, Osmotic
pressure of body fluids, Participation in acid–base
balance

Question 19

sodium loss or deficiency; serum levels below 135 mmol/L
* Symptoms: Lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea,
seizures
* Causes: Some of the same conditions that cause hypokalemia, Also, excessive
perspiration (during hot weather or physical work), prolonged diarrhea or
vomiting, kidney disorders, and adrenocortical impairment

Answer 19

hyponatremia

Question 20

sodium excess; serum levels over 145 mmol/L
* Symptoms: Water retention (edema), hypertension, Red, flushed skin; dry,
sticky mucous membranes; increased thirst; elevated temperature;
decreased or absent urinary output
* Causes: Poor kidney excretion stemming from kidney malfunction;
inadequate water consumption and dehydration

Answer 20

hypernatremia

Question 21

Infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one
or more structures of the urinary tract

Answer 21

UTI

Question 22

Most common form of urological disease is infection – may
be acute, chronic or recurrent

Answer 22

anti-infectives

Question 23

what are the common antimicrobials used?

Answer 23

penicillin
cephalexin (Keflex)
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS)
Nitrofurantoin (macrodantin)

Question 24

what is the MOA of urinary analgesics?

Answer 24

 Exerts topical analgesic effect on the mucosal lining of the
urinary tract
 Does not decrease the bacterial count but does lessen the
burning & pain associated with UTI.

Question 25

what are the indications of urinary analgesics?

Answer 25

Used to relieve pain & discomfort that may
persist during the first several days of anti – infective therapy
when complete infection control has yet to occur.

Question 26

what are the AE of urinary analgesics?

Answer 26

Headache, vertigo,
rash, pruritus, GI upset. Inform patient
that drug may cause reddish – orange
discoloration of urine and yellowish
discoloration of skin & sclera

Question 27

what is the MOA of antispasmodics?

Answer 27

 Anti-cholinergic blocking drugs that inhibit bladder contractions
and delay urge to void.
 Counteract smooth muscle spasm of urinary tract at
parasympathetic nerve receptors

Question 28

what are the indications, AE, and interactions of antispasmodics?

Answer 28

INDICATION: inhibit bladder contractions and delay urge to void
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Drowsiness, dry mouth, decreased tearing,
constipation, palpitations
INTERACTIONS: May increase concentrations of some medications