objective 2.6 (2) Flashcards
what are the principal ECF electrolytes?
sodium cations
chloride anions
what is the principal ICF electrolyte?
potassium cation
what are the AE of fluid/electrolyte imbalances?
dehydration
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
hirst, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
weakness, dizziness, fever , confusion
dehydration
confusion, hypotension, irritability,
tachycardia
hyponatremia
red flushed skin, dry mucous
membranes, thirst and temperature, hypertension
hypernatremia
anorexia, N&V, muscle weakness,
depression, confusion, cardiac arrhythmias, irregular fast apical pulse,
leg cramps
hypokalemia
irritability, anxiety, confusion, cardiac
arrhythmias, abdominal pain.
hyperkalemia
what are potassium containing foods?
Bananas, oranges, apricots, dates, raisins, broccoli, green beans,
potatoes, tomatoes, meats, fish, wheat bread, and legumes
what is potassium responsible for>
Muscle contraction, Transmission of nerve
impulses, Regulation of heartbeat, Maintenance of acid–base balance,
Isotonicity, Electrodynamic characteristics of the cell
what is the normal potassium levels?
3.5 to 5 mmol/L
what are the indications of potassium?
Treatment or prevention of potassium depletion when dietary
means are inadequate
Other therapeutic uses: Stop irregular heartbeats, Management of
tachydysrhythmias that can occur after cardiac surgery
what are the AE of potassium
Oral preparations: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal
bleeding, ulceration
IV administration: Pain at injection site, Phlebitis
Excessive administration: Hyperkalemia, Toxic effects, Cardiac arrest
excessive serum potassium; serum potassium level over 5.5
mmol/L
Potassium supplements, ACE Inhibitors, Kidney failure, Excessive loss
from cells, Potassium-sparing diuretics, Burns, Trauma, Metabolic
acidosis, Infections
manifestations: Muscle weakness, paresthesia,
paralysis, cardiac rhythm irregularities (leading to possible ventricular
fibrillation and cardiac arrest)
hyperkalemia
deficiency of potassium; serum potassium level less than 3.5
mmol/L
Excessive potassium loss (rather than poor dietary intake)
Alkalosis, Corticosteroids, Diarrhea, Ketoacidosis, Hyperaldosteronism,
Increased secretion of mineralocorticoids, Burns, Thiazide, thiazide-like,
and loop diuretics, Vomiting, Malabsorption
hypokalemia
what is the normal sodium level?
135 to 145 mmol/L
what is sodium obtained in?
Salt, fish, meats, foods flavoured or preserved with salt
what is sodium responsible for?
Control of water
distribution, Fluid and electrolyte balance, Osmotic
pressure of body fluids, Participation in acid–base
balance
sodium loss or deficiency; serum levels below 135 mmol/L
* Symptoms: Lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea,
seizures
* Causes: Some of the same conditions that cause hypokalemia, Also, excessive
perspiration (during hot weather or physical work), prolonged diarrhea or
vomiting, kidney disorders, and adrenocortical impairment
hyponatremia
sodium excess; serum levels over 145 mmol/L
* Symptoms: Water retention (edema), hypertension, Red, flushed skin; dry,
sticky mucous membranes; increased thirst; elevated temperature;
decreased or absent urinary output
* Causes: Poor kidney excretion stemming from kidney malfunction;
inadequate water consumption and dehydration
hypernatremia
Infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one
or more structures of the urinary tract
UTI
Most common form of urological disease is infection – may
be acute, chronic or recurrent
anti-infectives
what are the common antimicrobials used?
penicillin
cephalexin (Keflex)
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS)
Nitrofurantoin (macrodantin)
what is the MOA of urinary analgesics?
Exerts topical analgesic effect on the mucosal lining of the
urinary tract
Does not decrease the bacterial count but does lessen the
burning & pain associated with UTI.
what are the indications of urinary analgesics?
Used to relieve pain & discomfort that may
persist during the first several days of anti – infective therapy
when complete infection control has yet to occur.
what are the AE of urinary analgesics?
Headache, vertigo,
rash, pruritus, GI upset. Inform patient
that drug may cause reddish – orange
discoloration of urine and yellowish
discoloration of skin & sclera
what is the MOA of antispasmodics?
Anti-cholinergic blocking drugs that inhibit bladder contractions
and delay urge to void.
Counteract smooth muscle spasm of urinary tract at
parasympathetic nerve receptors
what are the indications, AE, and interactions of antispasmodics?
INDICATION: inhibit bladder contractions and delay urge to void
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Drowsiness, dry mouth, decreased tearing,
constipation, palpitations
INTERACTIONS: May increase concentrations of some medications
