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Pharm II > objective 2.6 (1) > Flashcards

objective 2.6 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for the regulation and elimination of body fluids

A

urinary system

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2
Q

what is the urinary system composed of?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

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3
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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4
Q

filter the bloodstream, removing waste products, water and electrolytes

A

kidneys

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5
Q

iltration of plasma by the glomerulus;
filtered substances include water, sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid

A

glomerular filtration

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6
Q

iltrate enters Bowman’s capsule and
then moves through the tubular system of the nephron and is
either reabsorbed into the systemic circulation or excreted as
urine

A

tubular reabsorption

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7
Q

formed urine drains from the collecting
tubules, into the renal pelvis and down the ureters to the
bladder

A

tubular secreation

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8
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A

 Urine formation
 Excretion of waste products
 regulation of electrolytes
 regulation of acid-base balance
 control of water balance
 control of blood pressure
 regulation of red blood cell production (erythropoetin)
 synthesis of vitamin D to active form
 secretion of prostaglandins
 regulates calcium and phosphorus balance
 activates growth hormone

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9
Q

Measures the amount
of urea in blood

A

blood urea nitrogen

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10
Q

is cleared from the blood and excreted by
the kidneys

A

urea

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11
Q

what can urea be affected by?

A

protein breakdown,
dehydration, overhydration and liver failure, so it is
not an infallible test of kidney function

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12
Q

he waste product of creatinine phosphate, a
high-energy compound found in skeletal muscle tissue

A

creatinine

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13
Q

evaluates renal function by evaluating
damage to nephrons

A

serum creatinine

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14
Q

Used as an
indication of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

creatinine clearance test

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15
Q

what is the normal creatinine?

A

125ml/min

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16
Q

measurement of the
concentration of urine as compared to water

A

urine osmolality

17
Q

measures amount of uric acid in
blood (as in gout)

A

uric acid level

18
Q

urine color should be…?

A

yellow

19
Q

clarity should be…?

A

clear

20
Q

 Defined as a drug that increases the excretion of urine
(water, electrolytes and waste products) by the kidneys
 Mainstay of therapy for the treatment of hypertension and
heart failure and for prevention of kidney damage during
acute kidney injury

A

diuretics

21
Q

what are the types of the diuretics?

A
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Loop diuretics
  • Osmotic Diuretics
  • Potassium sparing diuretics
  • Thiazides and related diuretics
22
Q

what is the MOA of carbonic anhydrate inhibitors?

A

inhibit carbonic anhydrase which causes the excretion of sodium,
potassium bicarbonate, and water
 They are sulfanomides with non-bacteriostatic action

23
Q

what are the indications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

 Adjunct drugs in the long-term management of open-angle glaucoma
and adjunct therapy for secondary glaucoma
 Used with miotics to lower intraocular pressure before ocular surgery in
certain cases

24
Q

what are the contraindications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Known drug allergy, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Severe kidney or liver
dysfunction, Adrenal gland insufficiency, Cirrhosis

25
Q

what are the AE of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Acidosis, Hypokalemia, Drowsiness, Anorexia, Paresthesias, Hematuria,
Urticaria, Photosensitivity, Melena (blood in the stool)

26
Q

what are the interactions of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

 An increase in digoxin toxicity may occur when they are combined with
digoxin.
 Can cause hypokalemia, and use with corticosteroids may also cause
hypokalemia.
 Increased effects of amphetamines, carbamazepine, cyclosporine, phenytoin,
and quinidine sulphate with concurrent use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

27
Q

what is the MOA of loop diuretics?

A

nhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
in the distal and proximal tubules.
 Used to manage edema
 Increases the dilation of blood vessels and reduced kidney,
pulmonary, and systemic vascular resistance

28
Q

what are the intended effects and side effects of loop diuretics?

A

Intended Effects:
* Urine output is increase, Urine is lighter in color, Blood pressure is
lower
Side Effects:
* dizziness, light-headedness, postural hypotension, hypokalemia,
hyponatremia

29
Q

what is the MOA of osmotic diuretics?

A

increases the density of the filtrate in the glomerulus which
prevents the reabsorption of water which allows the water to be
excreted.

30
Q

what are the AE of osmotic diuretics?

A

 Convulsions, Thrombophlebitis, Pulmonary congestion
 Other: headaches, chest pains, tachycardia, blurred vision,
chills, and fever

31
Q

what is the MOA of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

Increase sodium and water excretion; depress the
excretion of potassium

32
Q

what are the indications of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Hypertension
  • Reversing potassium loss caused by potassium-wasting diuretics
  • Certain cases of heart failure: prevention of remodelling
33
Q

 Antagonist to aldosterone, a hormone produced by
the adrenals which enhances the reabsorption of
sodium; blocking of this action causes and increase in
sodium excretion but not potassium; pg. 492 Drug
profile.
 Often prescribed for children with heart failure.
 can cause gynecomastia,
amenorrhea and irregular menses and
postmenopausal bleeding.

A

spironolactone

34
Q

what are the AE of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A
  • Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache
  • Gastrointestinal: Cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  • Other: Urinary frequency,
    weakness, hyperkalemia
35
Q

what is the MOA and indications of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?

A

MOA: Inhibit tubular resorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions
 Results in decreased extracellular fluid volume though increased fluid excretion.,
Dilate the arterioles by direct relaxation, Decrease preload and afterload
INDICATIONS
 Hypertension (one of the most prescribed group of drugs for this),
 Edema
 Heart Failure

36
Q

what are the AE of thiazide/like diuretics?

A

Dizziness, headache, blurred vision, GI disturbances, Erectile dysfunction, Jaundice,
Urticaria, photosensitivity, Hypokalemia, glycosuria, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia,
hypochloremic alkalosis

Pharm II (22 decks)

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