objective 2.5 (3)

Question 1

sensation often leading to the urge to vomit

Answer 1

nausea

Question 2

forcible emptying of gastric and ocasionally, intestinal contents

Answer 2

emesis

Question 3

what are the types of nausea & vomiting?

Answer 3

postoperative, chemo induced, general

Question 4

• Bind to and block acetylcholine receptors in the inner ear labyrinth
• Block transmission of nauseating stimuli to CTZ
• Also block transmission of nauseating stimuli from the reticular formation to
  the vomiting centre
• Example: scopolamine

Answer 4

anticholinergic drugs

Question 5

• Inhibit acetylcholine by binding to H1 receptors
• Prevent cholinergic stimulation in vestibular and reticular areas, thus
  preventing nausea and vomiting
• Also used for motion sickness, nonproductive cough, allergy symptoms,
  sedation
• Examples: dimenhydrinate (Gravol®), diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)

Answer 5

antihistamine drugs

Question 6

• Block dopamine receptors in the CTZ
• Also used for psychotic disorders, intractable hiccups
• Example: prochlorperazine (Proclorazine®)

Answer 6

antidopaminergic drugs

Question 7

• Inhibit substance P/neurokinin 1 receptors in the brain stem
• Used in conjunction with serotonin blockers and glucocorticoids
• Use augments the serotonin blockers and glucocorticoids to inhibit acute and
  delayed phases of chemotherapy-induced emesis
• Example: aprepitant (Emend®)

Answer 7

neurokinin receptor antagonists

Question 8

• Block dopamine receptors in the CTZ
• Cause CTZ to be desensitized to impulses it receives from the gastrointestinal tract
• Also stimulate peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract, enhancing emptying of stomach
  contents
• Also used for gastroesophageal reflux disease, delayed gastric emptying
• Example: metoclopramide (Metonia®)

Answer 8

prokinetic drugs

Question 9

• Block serotonin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, CTZ, and vomiting centre
• Used for nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy and for
  postoperative nausea and vomiting
• Example: ondansetron (Zofran®)

Answer 9

serotonin blockers

Question 10

• Major psychoactive substances in marijuana
• Inhibitory effects on reticular formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex
• Used for nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and for anorexia
  associated with weight loss in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  patients
• Natural and synthetic form

Answer 10

tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol

Question 11

what are the AE of all antiemetics

Answer 11

• Vary according to drug used
• Stem from their nonselective blockade of various receptors
• Most cause dizziness/drowsiness

Question 12

• Used for nausea and vomiting, including that caused by chemotherapy,
  morning sickness, and motion sickness
• Adverse effects
• Anorexia, nausea and vomiting, skin reactions
• Drug interactions
• May increase absorption of oral medications
• Increase bleeding risk with anticoagulants

Answer 12

ginger