objective 10.2 NO Flashcards
can be transmitted directly or
indirectly
communicable disorders
why are children at increased risk for communicable disorders?
Frequent hands to
mouth = direct
transmission
Sharing & using
objects (indirect)
Lacking immunity
resistance (natural &
acquired)
what is the chain of infection?
causative agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portable of entry
susceptible host
bacteria, virus, fungus
causative agent
place supporting growth of organisms
reservoir
how organisms exit body
portal of exit
air, contact, droplet
mode of transmission
how organisms enter body
portable of entry
the human body
susceptible host
Time between exposure to pathogen and onset of clinical
symptoms
incubation period
Time between earliest symptom and appearance of typical
rash or fever
Time when it is critical to avoid contact with susceptible hosts
contagious
an insect or animal that carries and spreads disease
vector
a worldwide high incidence of a communicable disease
pandemic
sudden increase of disease in localized area
epidemic
an expected continuous incidence of disease in a localized area
endemic
caused by organism normally present in the environment
that the immune-suppressed person cannot fight
opportunistic infection
an infection acquired after admission to a health care facility
health-care associated infection
transmitted by contact
with an infected person
direct
- Indirect—transmitted by contact
with objects that have been
contaminated by an infected
person (fomites)
indirect
- Use of a mask and cover gown when the
patient with a disease, such as pertussis
or influenza, coughs or sneezes - Droplets from coughing or sneezing can
contaminate the surrounding
environment up to 3 feet around
the patient - Droplets do not stay suspended in the air;
they immediately “fall”
droplet precautions
- When airborne particles float in the air
and contaminate anything within the room - Particles can remain airborne for several hours
- Used for conditions such as TB and Varicella
- Use of negative-pressure room and an
N95 particulate respirator mask is required
whenever in the room with the patient
airborne precautions
- When contamination is likely to occur
skin to skin or through contact with a
contaminated fomite - Used in conditions such as RSV, MRSA,
or VRE infections - Disposable gloves should be worn in the
event that something occurs that
causes blood or body fluid exposure
contact precautions
what are the types of immunity
natural
acquired
active immunity
passive immunity
resistance is inborn
natural
not born with it; as a result of having disease or receiving vaccines or immune serum
acquired
when a person produces his or her own immunity
active immunity
provides the antibody to the person; does not last as long
passive immunity
what are examples of communicable diseases?
SARS
Covid 19
Varicella
Fifth Disease
Pertussis
Mumps
Measles
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- S/S: Cough, SOB, ache, sore throat, diarrhea
- Cause unknown, Viral
- Type of coronavirus
- Not contagious until symptoms develop
- Incubation: up to 10 days
- Treatment: no vaccine or cure; supportive
- Spread through close contact with someone
who is infected and resp secretions and bodily
fluids
SARS
what are the symptoms of covid 19?
- cough
- fever
- difficulty breathing
- pneumonia in both lungs
- severe cases can lead to death
- Incubation period: 2-3 weeks
- Most contagious before rash appears, most
infectious from 12-24 hrs before the rash and
approx. 5 days after - precautions necessary
- Mild fever, flu like symptoms, joint pain
- macules, papules, vesicles, pustules and scabs
all at same time - Nursing Care: person is confined until scabs
have crusted overor dried out, prevent
scratching, use calamine lotion to reduce
itching
varicella
- Incubation Period: 4-14 days
- Child has “slapped cheek” appearance
- generalized rash appears on face, trunk, &
extremities. Rash subsides and re-appears if
skin irritated by heat or sun - Symptoms otherwise non specific
- No isolation required
1-3 weeks
human parvovirus
- Caused by Bordetella pertussis
- Symptoms: fever, cold, and distinctive cough. Noisy gasp for air
that creates a “whoop” - Incubation period: 6-20 days (9-10 average)
- Contagious- several weeks exclude pt from daycare for 5 days after
antimicrobial treatment complete - Nsg. Interventions
- Bed rest, Airway patency critical, antibiotics and Mist tent
- Droplet precautions
pertussis
Caused by Paramyxovirus
* S/S: fever, headache, glands near ear and jawline
ache, become painful, & swell. Parotid gland is
enlarged.
* Incubation: 14-21 days
* Contagious until swelling subsides. Keep out of
school.
* Treatment:
* Push Fluids, ice compresses, droplet precautions if
hospitalized.
* Avoid citrus/spices=stimulate salivary flow.
mumps
- S/S: fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis
followed by small white (Koplik) spots on inner
cheeks then Maculopapular rash erupts. - Incubation: 1-2 weeks
- Contagious from 4 days before to 5 days after rash
appears - Treatment: symptomatic care, airborne isolation,
measures to reduce eyestrain, good oral care.
Avoid soap.
measles
Not routinely started
until 2 months of age
immunizations
