Obesity and T2D metabolism

Question 1

what is diabetes

Answer 1

high blood glucose

Question 2

what causes diabetes (2)

Answer 2

not producing insulin or use insulin effectively

Question 3

what makes insulin

Answer 3

pancreas

Question 4

what does insulin do

Answer 4

control blood glucose

Question 5

what does diabetes controls (5)

Answer 5

blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, lower limb amputation

Question 6

when does T1D normally get diagnosed

Answer 6

childhood

Question 7

what type of disease is T1D

Answer 7

autoimmune

Question 8

what % is T2D

Answer 8

90%

Question 9

what is gestational diabetes

Answer 9

diabetes in pregnanacy

Question 10

what is diabetes not diagnosed by a health professional

Answer 10

undiagnosed diabetes

Question 11

what is it called when blood sugars are elevated but not high enough for diabetes

Answer 11

pre diabetes

Question 12

T2D risk factors (5)

Answer 12

lack of exercise, overweight, family history, unhealthy eating, polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 13

T2D symptoms (7)

Answer 13

excessive thirst and dry mouth, increased urination, tiredness, tingling/numbness in hands/feet, recurrent skin fungal infections, slow wound healing, blurred vision

Question 14

in which gender is T2D more common

Answer 14

males

Question 15

T2D risk increases with

Answer 15

age

Question 16

what % of people over 18 hav T2D

Answer 16

20%

Question 17

total annual cost for T2D

Answer 17

6 billion

Question 18

increased blood glucose leads to

Answer 18

insulin release

Question 19

insulin release leads to (3)

Answer 19

increased adipose and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic glycogenesis, decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 20

increased adipose and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic glycogenesis, decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis leads to

Answer 20

decreased blood glucose

Question 21

what happens to blood glucose overnight

Answer 21

decreases

Question 22

low blood glucose leads to

Answer 22

glucagon release

Question 23

glucagon leads to (2)

Answer 23

increased glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogenesis

Question 24

increased glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogenesis leads to

Answer 24

increased blood glucose

Question 25

glucose from the GI tract goes to the

Answer 25

portal vein

Question 26

glucose is converted to what in the liver (2)

Answer 26

pyruvate and glycogen

Question 27

pyruvate is converted to

Answer 27

fat

Question 28

glucose is uptaken to the (4)

Answer 28

brain, skeletal muscle, erythrocytes, fat

Question 29

erythrocytes and skeletal muscle produce

Answer 29

lactate

Question 30

lactate goes to

Answer 30

liver

Question 31

what produces glucagon

Answer 31

pancreas

Question 32

glucagon and insulin go to the

Answer 32

portal vein

Question 33

in glycogenolysis glycogen is conveted to

Answer 33

glucose

Question 34

lactate becomes

Answer 34

glucose

Question 35

skeletal muscle produces

Answer 35

alanine

Question 36

alanine goes to

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

what organs contribute to hyperglycaemia (6)

Answer 37

intestine, kidney, fat, pancreas, muscle, liver, brain

Question 38

what contributes to hyperglycaemia (3)

Answer 38

peripheral insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion

Question 39

defective insulin secretion

Answer 39

beta cell dysfunction

Question 40

kidney in hyperglycaemia (2)

Answer 40

increased gluconeogenesis and increased glucose reabsorption

Question 41

intestine in hyperglycaemia

Answer 41

decreased GLP1 secretion

Question 42

pancreas in hyperglycaemia (2)

Answer 42

decreased insulin secretion and increased glucagon secretion

Question 43

liver in hyperglycaemia

Answer 43

increased gluconeogenesis

Question 44

brain in hyperglycaemia

Answer 44

reduced satiety

Question 45

muscle in hyperglycaemia

Answer 45

decreased glucose uptake

Question 46

fat in hyperglycaemia (3)

Answer 46

increased free fatty acids, decreased adiponectin, increased inflammatory cytokines

Question 47

factors that affect insulin secretion and action (8)

Answer 47

body weight, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, genetics, gene environment interaction, epigenetics, pregnancy

Question 48

positive risk profile leads to

Answer 48

normoglycaemia

Question 49

what type of complications develop first

Answer 49

macrovascular

Question 50

impaired insulin pulsatility leads to

Answer 50

loss of first phase insulin response

Question 51

loss of first phase insulin response leads to

Answer 51

beta cell failure

Question 52

beta cell failure leads to

Answer 52

beta cell loss

Question 53

pancreas structural elements (9)

Answer 53

spleen, pancreatic islets, splenic artery, pancreas, bile duct, common bile duct, duodenum, pancreatic duct, acinar cells

Question 54

what do acinar cells do

Answer 54

secrete digestive enzymes

Question 55

pancreratic islet histology elements (5)

Answer 55

alpha, beta, delta, eta, PP cells

Question 56

alpha produces

Answer 56

glucagon

Question 57

beta produces

Answer 57

insulin

Question 58

delta produces

Answer 58

somatostatin

Question 59

PP cells produce

Answer 59

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 60

eta produce

Answer 60

ghrelin

Question 61

how many phases of insulin secretion

Answer 61

2

Question 62

which phase of insulin secretion is longer

Answer 62

phase 2

Question 63

which phase of insulin secretion is bigger

Answer 63

phase 1

Question 64

glucose gets into cell throu

Answer 64

GLUT2

Question 65

glucose undergoes

Answer 65

glycolysis

Question 66

glycolysis produces

Answer 66

pyruvate

Question 67

pyuvate undergoes

Answer 67

Krebs cycle

Question 68

Kreb cycle produces (2)

Answer 68

ATP and ADP

Question 69

ATP closes -70 mv

Answer 69

potassium channel

Question 70

potassium closure opens -30 mV

Answer 70

calcium VDCC

Question 71

calcium filling leads to

Answer 71

insulin release

Question 72

treatments for early diabetes (4)

Answer 72

life style changes, metformin, sulfonylureas, insulin