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Frontiers > Obesity and T2D metabolism > Flashcards

Obesity and T2D metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes

A

high blood glucose

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2
Q

what causes diabetes (2)

A

not producing insulin or use insulin effectively

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3
Q

what makes insulin

A

pancreas

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4
Q

what does insulin do

A

control blood glucose

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5
Q

what does diabetes controls (5)

A

blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, lower limb amputation

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6
Q

when does T1D normally get diagnosed

A

childhood

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7
Q

what type of disease is T1D

A

autoimmune

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8
Q

what % is T2D

A

90%

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9
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A

diabetes in pregnanacy

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10
Q

what is diabetes not diagnosed by a health professional

A

undiagnosed diabetes

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11
Q

what is it called when blood sugars are elevated but not high enough for diabetes

A

pre diabetes

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12
Q

T2D risk factors (5)

A

lack of exercise, overweight, family history, unhealthy eating, polycystic ovary syndrome

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13
Q

T2D symptoms (7)

A

excessive thirst and dry mouth, increased urination, tiredness, tingling/numbness in hands/feet, recurrent skin fungal infections, slow wound healing, blurred vision

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14
Q

in which gender is T2D more common

A

males

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15
Q

T2D risk increases with

A

age

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16
Q

what % of people over 18 hav T2D

A

20%

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17
Q

total annual cost for T2D

A

6 billion

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18
Q

increased blood glucose leads to

A

insulin release

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19
Q

insulin release leads to (3)

A

increased adipose and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic glycogenesis, decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

increased adipose and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic glycogenesis, decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis leads to

A

decreased blood glucose

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21
Q

what happens to blood glucose overnight

A

decreases

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22
Q

low blood glucose leads to

A

glucagon release

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23
Q

glucagon leads to (2)

A

increased glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

increased glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogenesis leads to

A

increased blood glucose

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25
Q

glucose from the GI tract goes to the

A

portal vein

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26
Q

glucose is converted to what in the liver (2)

A

pyruvate and glycogen

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27
Q

pyruvate is converted to

A

fat

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28
Q

glucose is uptaken to the (4)

A

brain, skeletal muscle, erythrocytes, fat

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29
Q

erythrocytes and skeletal muscle produce

A

lactate

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30
Q

lactate goes to

A

liver

31
Q

what produces glucagon

A

pancreas

32
Q

glucagon and insulin go to the

A

portal vein

33
Q

in glycogenolysis glycogen is conveted to

A

glucose

34
Q

lactate becomes

A

glucose

35
Q

skeletal muscle produces

A

alanine

36
Q

alanine goes to

A

liver

37
Q

what organs contribute to hyperglycaemia (6)

A

intestine, kidney, fat, pancreas, muscle, liver, brain

38
Q

what contributes to hyperglycaemia (3)

A

peripheral insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion

39
Q

defective insulin secretion

A

beta cell dysfunction

40
Q

kidney in hyperglycaemia (2)

A

increased gluconeogenesis and increased glucose reabsorption

41
Q

intestine in hyperglycaemia

A

decreased GLP1 secretion

42
Q

pancreas in hyperglycaemia (2)

A

decreased insulin secretion and increased glucagon secretion

43
Q

liver in hyperglycaemia

A

increased gluconeogenesis

44
Q

brain in hyperglycaemia

A

reduced satiety

45
Q

muscle in hyperglycaemia

A

decreased glucose uptake

46
Q

fat in hyperglycaemia (3)

A

increased free fatty acids, decreased adiponectin, increased inflammatory cytokines

47
Q

factors that affect insulin secretion and action (8)

A

body weight, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, genetics, gene environment interaction, epigenetics, pregnancy

48
Q

positive risk profile leads to

A

normoglycaemia

49
Q

what type of complications develop first

A

macrovascular

50
Q

impaired insulin pulsatility leads to

A

loss of first phase insulin response

51
Q

loss of first phase insulin response leads to

A

beta cell failure

52
Q

beta cell failure leads to

A

beta cell loss

53
Q

pancreas structural elements (9)

A

spleen, pancreatic islets, splenic artery, pancreas, bile duct, common bile duct, duodenum, pancreatic duct, acinar cells

54
Q

what do acinar cells do

A

secrete digestive enzymes

55
Q

pancreratic islet histology elements (5)

A

alpha, beta, delta, eta, PP cells

56
Q

alpha produces

A

glucagon

57
Q

beta produces

A

insulin

58
Q

delta produces

A

somatostatin

59
Q

PP cells produce

A

pancreatic polypeptide

60
Q

eta produce

A

ghrelin

61
Q

how many phases of insulin secretion

A

2

62
Q

which phase of insulin secretion is longer

A

phase 2

63
Q

which phase of insulin secretion is bigger

A

phase 1

64
Q

glucose gets into cell throu

A

GLUT2

65
Q

glucose undergoes

A

glycolysis

66
Q

glycolysis produces

A

pyruvate

67
Q

pyuvate undergoes

A

Krebs cycle

68
Q

Kreb cycle produces (2)

A

ATP and ADP

69
Q

ATP closes -70 mv

A

potassium channel

70
Q

potassium closure opens -30 mV

A

calcium VDCC

71
Q

calcium filling leads to

A

insulin release

72
Q

treatments for early diabetes (4)

A

life style changes, metformin, sulfonylureas, insulin

73
Q
A

Frontiers (9 decks)

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