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Frontiers > Metabolic Syndrome Overview > Flashcards

Metabolic Syndrome Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Group of symptoms that happen together that characterise a condition or an abnormality

A

syndrome

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2
Q

cluster of risk factors that predispose to CVD and T2D

A

metabolic syndrome

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3
Q

CVD

A

cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

T2D

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

metabolic syndrome risk factors (4)

A

high blood pressure, raised fasting glucose, central obesity, dyslipidaemia

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6
Q

dyslipidaemia is characterised by (2)

A

high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol

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7
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein

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8
Q

other names for metabolic syndrome (8)

A

Syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome, insulin resistant syndrome, plurimetabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic syndrome, dyslipidemic hypertension, hyper triglyceridemic waist, deadly quartet

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9
Q

BMI

A

body mass index

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10
Q

how is BMI calculated

A

weight kg/height m^2

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11
Q

annual incidence of metabolic syndrome

A

3%

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12
Q

what % of Australian adults have Metabolic syndrome

A

35%

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13
Q

elevated waist circumference cut off

A

population dependent

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14
Q

triglyceride cut off

A

> 1.7 mmol/L

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15
Q

HDL cut off men

A

<1.0 mmol/L

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16
Q

HDL cut off women

A

<1.3 mmol/L

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17
Q

systolic blood pressure cut off

A

> 130 mmHg

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18
Q

diastolic blood pressure cut off

A

> 85 mmHg

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19
Q

fasting blood glucose cut off

A

> 5.5 mmol/L

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20
Q

central obesity increases risk of

A

CVD and T2D

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21
Q

risk factors for CVD (3)

A

high triglycerides, reduced HDL, elevated blood pressure

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22
Q

what increases risk of T2D

A

insulin resistance

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23
Q

what % of insulin resistant patients have normal glucose tolerance

A

25%

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24
Q

European/North American men waist

A

> 102 cm

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25
Q

European/North American women waist

A

> 88cm

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26
Q

Asian men waist

A

> 90 cm

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27
Q

Asian women waist

A

> 80 cm

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28
Q

Central and South American men waist

A

> 90 cm

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29
Q

Central and South American women waist

A

> 80 cm

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30
Q

Middle easter and mediterranean men waist

A

> 94 cm

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31
Q

Middle eastern and mediterranean women waist

A

> 80 cm

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32
Q

sub saharan african men waist

A

> 94 cm

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33
Q

sub saharan african women waist

A

> 80 cm

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34
Q

where is subcutaneous fat

A

under the skin

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35
Q

what is viscereal fat also known as

A

hidden fat

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36
Q

what is visceral fat associated with (4)

A

high tiglycerides, insulin resistance, inflammation, altered cytokines

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37
Q

what does visceral fat lead to less of

A

leptin

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38
Q

what does visceral fat produce more of

A

cortisol

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39
Q

TOFI

A

thin outside fat inside

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40
Q

can you be metabolically fat but still fit

A

yes

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41
Q

how many alcohols on glycerol

A

3

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42
Q

3 glycerols on a mixed triacylglycerol (3)

A

stearoyl, linoleoyl, palmitoyl

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43
Q

what is inside a white adipocyte (2)

A

triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters

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44
Q

what is the membrane of a white adipocyte

A

phospholipid monolayer

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45
Q

what is in the membrane of a white adipocyte

A

free unesterified cholesterol

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46
Q

what is on the surface of white adipocytes

A

ApoB 100

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47
Q

TAG

A

triacylglycerol

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48
Q

What can TAGs be broken down into

A

free fatty acids

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49
Q

stage 1 of TAG breakdown

A

beta oxidation

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50
Q

stage 1 of TAG breakdown produces (3)

A

28 electrons, NADH, FADH2

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51
Q

stage 2 of TAG breakdown

A

citric acid cycle

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52
Q

beta oxidation in TAG breakdown prroduces

A

8 Acetyl Co A

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53
Q

citric acid cycle in TAG breakdown produces (4)

A

NADH, FADH2, 64 electrons, 16CO2

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54
Q

Stage 3 of TAG breakdown

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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55
Q

NADH and FADH2 are transferred to

A

respiratory (electron transfer) chain with an electron

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56
Q

what is produced in the respiratory chain (2)

A

water and ATP

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57
Q

why are fatty acids good

A

energy rich

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58
Q

where do triglycerides and cholesterol circulate

A

blood

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59
Q

what does high TG contribute to

A

atherosclerosis

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60
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

thickened and hardened blood vessels

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61
Q

what do high triglycerides normally coincide with

A

low HDL

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62
Q

high triglycerides is a risk factor for

A

fat accumulation in pancreas

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63
Q

pancreatic fat accumulation can lead to

A

pancreatitis

64
Q

what is HDL cholesterol a precursor for (3)

A

steroid hormone, bile salts, vitamin D

65
Q

is cholesterol made in plants

A

no

66
Q

what is cholesterol needed for

A

cell membrane

67
Q

where does cholesterol come fun

A

we make it

68
Q

cholesterol becomes (4)

A

hydroxysterols, steroid hormones, cholesteryl esters, bile acids

69
Q

bile acid

A

taurocholic acid

70
Q

cholesterol to choleseryl ester uses (2)

A

ACAT, fatty acyl-CoA to CoA-SH

71
Q

ACAT

A

acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyl transferase

72
Q

how is cholesterol prepped for transport

A

fatty acid esterification 3-OH

73
Q

why is fatty acid esterification 3-OH needed for

A

makes it hydrophobic

74
Q

How is cholesterol transported

A

in lipoprotein

75
Q

lipoprotein example

A

VLDL

76
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

77
Q

what is on the surface of lipoproteins

A

ApoB 100

78
Q

inside of lipoproteins (3)

A

triaacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, phospholipid monolayer

79
Q

what is in the lipoprotein phospholipid monolayer

A

free unesterified cholesterol

80
Q

types of lipoproteins (4)

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

81
Q

what does ingested fat first encounter

A

gallbladder

82
Q

what does the gallbladder release

A

bile salts

83
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsify dietary fat

84
Q

where is dietary fat emulsified

A

small intestines

85
Q

what does dietary fat become once emulsified

A

mixed micelles

86
Q

what degrades triacylglycerols in the small intestines

A

intestinal lipases

87
Q

what uptakes fatty acids and broken down products

A

intestinal mucosa

88
Q

when fatty acids are uptaken what are they converted to

A

triacyglycerols

89
Q

what makes up chylomicrons (3)

A

triacylglycerols, cholesterol, apolipoproteins

90
Q

apolipoprotein example

A

ApoCII

91
Q

where do chylomicrons move to

A

tissue

92
Q

where do chylomicrons travel (2)

A

lymphatics and bloodstream

93
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase located

A

capillaries

94
Q

what activates lipoprotein lipase

A

ApoCII

95
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase convert triacylglycerols into (2)

A

fatty acids and glycerol

96
Q

where do fatty acids go

A

into cells

97
Q

where are fatty acids stored (2)

A

myocytes or adipocytes

98
Q

what are fatty acids oxidised for

A

fuel

99
Q

what happens to fatty acids for storage

A

reesterified

100
Q

TAGs cross the intestinal mucosa into

A

intestinal enterocytes

101
Q

what is located on the surface of chylomicrons (3)

A

ApoCII, ApoB48, ApoE

102
Q

where do chylomicron remenants go

A

liver

103
Q

what are chylomicron remenants converted into

A

cholesterol

104
Q

free fatty acids are stored where (3)

A

muscle, adipose tissue, mammary glands

105
Q

chylomicron pathway is the what pathway

A

exogenous pathway

106
Q

dietary fat uptake via bile salts is the which pathway

A

enterohepatic pathway

107
Q

cholesterol in the liver enters what (3)

A

enterohepatic pathway, cholesterol ester, reverse cholesterol transport

108
Q

cholesterol esters enter which pathway

A

endogenous pathway

109
Q

cholesterol esters become

A

VLDL

110
Q

VLDL are transported in the

A

blood

111
Q

VLDL become

A

IDL

112
Q

IDL becomes

A

FFA or LDL

113
Q

LDL converted to (3)

A

cholesterol and stored, hepatic cholesterol, cholesterol in macrophage foam cells

114
Q

cholesterol converted to what in reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL

115
Q

HDL take to

A

macrophage foam cells

116
Q

cholesterol from macrophage foam cells bind to which receptors on live (2)

A

SRBI or LDL receptor

117
Q

where are HDL precursors from (2)

A

liver and intestines

118
Q

where do VLDL remnants go (IDL)

A

liver

119
Q

LDL can go to

A

extrahepatic tissue

120
Q

what happens to chylomicron remnants in liver

A

degradation in lysosomes

121
Q

when is endogenous pathway used

A

excess dietary fat

122
Q

what happens to VLDL when insulin is high

A

lipids to adipose storage

123
Q

what happens to VLDL when insulin is low

A

lipids from adipose to muscle for oxidation for energy

124
Q

when cholesterol is converted to bile salts what happens to the bile salts

A

reabsorbed and returned to the gall bladder

125
Q

what is a risk factor for atherosclerosis

A

dyslipidaemia

126
Q

how is atherosclerosis avoided

A

HDL transporting cholesterol back to liver

127
Q

what happens to blood vessels in atherosclerosis

A

damaged

128
Q

in atherosclerosis what do monocytes become

A

macrophages

129
Q

what do macrophages do in atherosclerosis

A

engulf modified LDL

130
Q

what are atheroscleroic plaques high in

A

cholesterol

131
Q

what do macrophages become in atherosclerosis

A

foam cells

132
Q

what do monocytes and lipoproteins do in atherosclerosis (2)

A

aggregate and stick to ECM

133
Q

where does free cholesterol accumulate in atherosclerosis (2)

A

membranes and droplets

134
Q

where do atherosclerotic plaques form

A

arterial wall

135
Q

HDL picks up cholesterol via

A

LCAT

136
Q

LCAT

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase

137
Q

atherosclerosis can lead to (7)

A

apoptosis, necrosis, tissue damage, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke

138
Q

what type of LDL accumulates in plaques

A

oxidised

139
Q

what favours LDL accumulation in plaques

A

high LDL

140
Q

how do endothelial cells react to LDL accumulation in plaques

A

display adhesion molecules

141
Q

what invades tissue when adhesion molecules displayed

A

monocytes and T cells

142
Q

monocytes and T cells are

A

white cells

143
Q

what accumulates in artery walls

A

modified oxidised LDL

144
Q

what favours LDL accumulation in artery walls

A

high LDL

145
Q

how do endothelial cells in the artery react to LDL accumulation

A

display adhesion molecules

146
Q

when endothelial arterial cells display adhesion molecules what invades (3)

A

white blood cells (monocytes and T cells)

147
Q

what do monocytes and T cells secrete

A

inflammatory mediators/cytokines

148
Q

what responds to cytokines in atherosclerosis

A

macrophages

149
Q

what do macrophages do in atherosclerosis

A

take up modified LDL with scavenger cells

150
Q

when do macrophages become foam cells

A

when engorged with cholesterol

151
Q

what develops to trap foam cells

A

atheroma

152
Q

what is an atheroma

A

fibrous tissue plaque

153
Q

what do foam cells produce

A

tissue factor

154
Q

what can tissue factor do

A

blood clot when plaque ruptures

155
Q

how do LDL stay in arterial walls (2)

A

aggregate and stick to ECM

156
Q
A

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