Obesity and oral health Flashcards
Name some diseases obesity is linked to
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
What risks are associated with cardiovascular disease
- Increases risk of hypertension by 5 times
2. Increases risk of stroke an cardiac failure
How does obesity affect cancer?
- 10% of all cancer deaths in non smokers is influenced by obesity
- Obesity influences 30% of cervical cancer deaths
What is obesity?
It is excessive adiposity – body fat (mostly around the middle)
How is obesity and adiposity measured?
BY:
- Dural energy x ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
- Bioelectric impedance analysis
- Skin fold thickness
Name some more common ways of assessing obesity
- Body mass index (BMI)
- Height to waist ratio
- Hip to waist ratio
What are the problems associated with BMI?
It is an epidemiological tool, not reliable for individual assessment.
How do we define obesity for adults?
By using BMI:
BMI 25 - 29.9 is overweight (pre-obese)
BMI of 30 or more is obesity
BMI of 40 or more is morbid obesity
What qualifies as morbid obesity?
Anyone with a BMI of 40 or more
How is BMI calculated?
Weight/ Height^2
Weight (Kg)
Height (m)
Describe how the BMI of a child changes in their early life
- BMI rises from birth until 9 months
- Then falls until about 7 years
- Then rises again
How do we assess obesity in children?
By using the 1990 chart
How is the 1990 chart used to assess obesity in children
For individual children clinicians have used >91st centile for overweight and >98th centile for obese.
What causes obesity?
- Diet
- Physical activity
- Genetics and endocrine anomalies
What links have been found between diet and obesity
- High consumption of energy dense foods and drink increases risk of obesity
- High consumption of sugar sweetened drink increases risk of obesity
Name some genetic conditions that may contribute to obesity
- Prader Willi syndrome
- Crushing syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- Leptin
- Growth and thyroid deficiency
Is genetics a prominent factor for causing obesity?
No it is only related to less than 5% of obese individuals
How do socio economic and ethnic factors affect obesity?
- Obesity is higher in deprived areas
2. Obesity is higher amongst some ethnic minority groups
What is the prevalence of obesity in children starting primary school?
1 in 5 children in reception are over wight or obese
What is the prevalence of obesity in children finishing primary school?
1 in 3 children in yr 6 are over weight or obese
What is the link between obesity and oral health?
Obesity affects:
- Caries levels
- Oral cancer
Diabetes can affect periodontal health
What is the link between obesity and caries?
Most studies have found either a weak or no association between caries in obesity in children
What is the link between obesity and periodontal disease ?
A survey of 13,665 adults found that
in a younger population, overall and abdominal obesity are associated with increased prevalence of periodontal disease, while underweight (BMI <18.5) is associated with decreased prevalence
How is periodontal disease affected by obesity?
Diabetes is a risk factor for peritoneal disease
Obesity increases your risk of developing diabetes
Describe the possible mechanism used to link periodontal disease and obesity
Possible mechanism:
Increased secretion of pro inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue destroys periodontal tissues
What problems does obesity pose in delivering dental treatment
- Difficult to access the surgery eg stairs
- Dental chairs max limit is 160kg
- Harder to access oral cavity
