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Year 2 > carbohydrate digestion > Flashcards

carbohydrate digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is a carbohydrate?

A

hydrated ketones/ aldehydes
(hydrated carbons)

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2
Q

different types of carbs?

A

complex carbs - poly (chain of 10+ molecules)
simple carbs - di (2 molecules)/ mono (1)
<10 chains of saccharides= OLYGO

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3
Q

polysaccharides:

A
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4
Q

what affects the way amylose is metabolised?

A

= linear single chain of monosaccharides attached by glycosidic link

the glycosidic link
alpha 1-4

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5
Q

how does amylopectin differ from amylose?

A

FOUND IN VEGGIES/ LEGUMES

main linear chain connected by alpha 1-4 bonds
branched chain of poly
has diff bond at branching points

alpha 1-6 bond to bond branched chains to main linear ones

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6
Q

starch?

A

anything with flour has starch
polysaccharide
comes in 2 forms:

amylopectin (1-6)
amylose (1-4)

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7
Q

glycogen?

A

found in animals we eat
more branched
alpha 1-6 bonding to branched chains
linear chain alpha 1-4 bonding

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8
Q

why can cellulose not be digested by mammals and why is this a beneficial quality for us?

A

found in veg/ fruits

linear chains are bonded by alpha 1-4 but
the stack of chains bonded by BETA 1-4
-> not digested in animals

the pancreatic/ salivary can not break bond
used as fibre- not digested, removed in waste

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9
Q

what % of our caloric intake is from carbs?

A

50%
most from starch

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10
Q

3 major disaccharides in our diet?

A

1) sucrose (table sugar)
2) maltose
3) lactose

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11
Q

what % of our caloric intake is from sucrose?

A

30%

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12
Q

what % of our caloric intake is from lactose?

A

6%- sugar from milk

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13
Q

what % of our caloric intake is from maltose?

A

1-2%

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14
Q

3 main monosaccharides from our diet?

A

1) glucose - only in honey/ golden syrup in it’s simplest form
2) fructose- in fruits
3) galactose

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15
Q

where do polysaccharides bond?

A
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16
Q

only form of carbs our bodies can absorb?

A

monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

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17
Q

only form of carbs our bodies can absorb?

A

monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

18
Q

salivary glands are found in pairs in the oral cavity, how many are there?

A

3 major pairs
multiple minor pairs

19
Q

3 major pairs of salivary glands?

A

sublingual
submandibular
parotid

20
Q

what do we find in the parotid gland?

A

zymogen granules (blue dots)
also found in pancreas

21
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

exocrine (have duct) - secrete enzymes
endocrine (no duct) - secrete hormones

22
Q

where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

directly into bloodstream

23
Q

are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

exocrine

24
Q

role of salivary amylase

A

when saliva is mixed with food ball
salivary amylase= secreted from serous acini of PAROTID + SUB-MANDIBULAR salivary glands

hydrolyses 1-4 bonds of polysaccharides
-> produces oligo + di + tri saccharides

25
Q

why is the pancreas so cool?

A

it IS a gland
and it had glands in it:

  • endocrine (islets of lanhergans- alpha, beta, gamma cells)
  • exocrine (duct will pass secretions into duodenum)
26
Q

what are found in the serous acini?

A

zymogen granules

26
Q

what are found in the serous acini?

A

zymogen granules

27
Q

what ph does salivary amylase work best at?

A

6.7

28
Q

role of salivary amylase once food is swallowed?

A

works for 1-2 hours in stomach
deactivated at PH3 by gastric acids

29
Q

what does pancreatic amylase do?

A
  • it is secrete from pancreatic exocrine acini into the duodenum
    through the pancreatic duct
  • hydrolyses alpha 1-4 bond
  • further digests complex carbs (alpha 1-4 bonds) that take longer to break down
30
Q

endocrine glands of the pancreas secrete which 3 cells?

A

called ISLETS of Langerhans
has 3 types of cells:

1) alpha- secrete glucagon
2) beta- secrete insulin
3) gamma- secrete other hormones

31
Q

significance of parotid being similar to pancreas?
zymogens being found in the serous acini of the pancreas as well? (blue dots)

A

beta cells have been found in the parotid gland
trying to stimulate parotid to work as pancreas in diabetic patients

32
Q

difference between pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase?

A

1) pancreatic amylase works at wider range:
6.7-7

2) pancreatic amylase can stay active for longer as pancreas secretes bicarbonate as well

-> keeps PH alkaline

33
Q

what do we get as products of hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase?

A

1) dextrins (disaccharides)
2) oligo saccharides

STILL NOT AT MONOSACCHARIDES

33
Q

what do we get as products of hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase?

A

1) dextrins (disaccharides)
2) oligo saccharides

STILL NOT AT MONOSACCHARIDES

34
Q

which enzymes around in intestinal epithelial cells?

A

brush border enzymes

OPTIMAL PH= 7.8 (pancreatic bicarbonate make ph alkaline)
found on apical side of intestinal epithelial cells

formed of folds
in folds, in microvilli, contain enzymes which are secreted into small intestine

-> further hydrolyse carbs

35
Q

which sugars do brush border enzymes hydrolyse?

A

maltose (maltase)
sucrose (sucrase)
lactose (lactase)

36
Q

deficiency in lactase enzyme?

A

leads to lactose intolerance
as lactose can not be hydrolysed properly

37
Q

causes of deficiency of lactase enzyme?

A

1) congenital (certain ethnic groups have inherent lactose intolerance)

2) acquired- infections, inflammation, injury to intestinal cells

38
Q

how do you get temporary lactose intolerance?

A

by ROTA virus (tummy bug)
not treatable
avoiding milk/ dairy reduces symptoms
- can add lactase enzyme to dairy products

39
Q

how are oligo and disaccharides digested to monosaccharides?

A

by brush border enzymes

40
Q

deficiency of some brush border enzymes can lead to which pathology?

A

lactose deficiency= lactose intolerance

Year 2 (20 decks)

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