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Year 2 > Carbohydrate Digestion, Absorption and Blood Sugar Homeostasis > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Digestion, Absorption and Blood Sugar Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Give three classifications of carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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2
Q

Name some common monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
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3
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Hydrated carbons

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4
Q

Name some common disaccharides

A

Maltose
sucrose
lactose

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5
Q

Give the simplest formulate fro monosaccharides

A

C6H1206

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6
Q

Name some common polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
    3, Cellulose
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7
Q

In which form do we most commonly obtain carbohydrates from out diet

A

Starch from

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8
Q

Name the 2 different types of starch

A
  1. Amylose

2. Amylopectin

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9
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is a straight linear chain

Amylopectin is branched

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10
Q

How are monosaccharides bonded to each other in starch?

A

Via the alpha 1-4 bond

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11
Q

In branching how are monosaccharides bonded?

A

Via a alpha 1-6 bond (Only at branching points)

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12
Q

How are monosaccharides bonded to each other in cellulose

A

In linear chain alpha 1-4 but between chains theres beta 1-4 bonding

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13
Q

Which bond is easier to digest the A1-4 or the A1-6?

A

The alpha 1-4

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14
Q

Why is cellulose indigestible?

A

As the beta 1-4 bond is indigestible

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15
Q

Where are carbohydrates digested?

A

In the mouth and small intestines

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16
Q

How does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

in the oral cavity food is mechanically squashed and mixed with amylase

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17
Q

How many major salivary glands do we have?

A

3 pairs of major glands

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18
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Sublingual gland
  3. Submandibular gland
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19
Q

Name the 2 different types of secretion

A

mucous and serous

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20
Q

Name the 2 different types of glands in the body?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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21
Q

What are endocrine

A

Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

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22
Q

What are exocrine

A

Secretes enzymes into blood stream via ducts

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23
Q

What type of glands are the salivary glands?

A

Exocrine

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24
Q

Where is salivary amylase secreted?

A

Secreted by serous acini of parotid and sub mandibular salivary glands

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25
Q

State of the optimal pH for salivary amylase

A

6.7

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26
Q

Why does carbohydrate digestion not occur in the stomach?

A

Acidic conditions so amylase can not function

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27
Q

What proportion of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the oral cavity

A

5%

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28
Q

What is the mode of action fro salivary amylase

A

Hydrolysis of alpha 1-4 linkage in polysaccharides producing a mixture of oligosaccharides

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29
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

3-10 Monosaccharides bonded together

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30
Q

Name the enzymes involved I intestinal digestion of carbohydrates

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase

2. Brush border enzymes

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31
Q

Where is pancreatic amylase secreted from?

A

Secreted from the pancreatic exocrine acini into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

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32
Q

State the optimal pH for pancreatic amylase

33
Q

What is the mode of action for pancreatic amylase

A

Hydrolysis of alpha 1-4 linkage

34
Q

What is pancreatic amylase responsible fro?

A

Responsible for the digestion of more complex carbohydrates that take longer to break down to to disaccharides or oligo saccharides

35
Q

Give examples of Brush border enzymes

A
  1. Maltase
  2. Sucrase
  3. lactase
36
Q

Where are Brush border enzymes found?

A

In the membrane surface of the micro villi (brush border) of the epithelial cells lining the wall intestine

37
Q

State the optimal pH for Brush border enzymes

38
Q

What is the mode of action fro Brush border enzymes

A

Hydrolysing disaccharides into monosaccharides

39
Q

Name a condition where you cannot digest lactose?

A

Lactose intolerence

40
Q

How can a person have lactose intolerance?

A

Genetics

Trauma

41
Q

How can lactose intolerance be treated?

A

By avoiding diary or m=by adding lactase to food

42
Q

Deficiency of which enzyme can lead to lactose intolerance?

A

Lactase deficiency

43
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

44
Q

What does maltase do?

A

Breaks down matose into 2 glucose molecules

45
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

46
Q

Where does carbohydrate absorption occurring?

A

In the small intestine

47
Q

Why are microvilli and villi important?

A

They increase the surface area which facilitated absorption

48
Q

Which from of carbohydrates in the most absorbable?

A

Monosaccharides

49
Q

How do glucose and galactose enter the intestine?

A

Enters the epithelial cells through the apical border via active transport using sodium dependant co transporters

50
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump require?

A

Require energy as you are going against the concentration gradient

51
Q

How do glucose and galactose lave epithelial cells?

A

Leave through the basolateral side using diffusion and and glucose co-transporter- 2 (GLUT-2) into the circulation

52
Q

Does the glucose co transporter 2 require energy?

53
Q

How odes fructose enter and leave epithelial cells?

A

Enters and lives the epithelial cells using facilitated diffusion

54
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of diffusion

A
  1. Passive diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport (requires energy)
55
Q

Describe in detail how glucose and galactose are absorbed

A
  1. Glucose attaches to sodium dependant pump (SGLT1) to enter the cell (active transport)
    2, To leave the cell it will attach to GLUT2 (facilitated diffusion)
56
Q

Describe in detail how fructose isabsorbed

A
  1. Fructose attaches to GLUT5 to enter the cell (facilitated diffusion)
  2. To leave fructose attaches to GLUT2 (facilitated diffusion)
57
Q

Name some factors that affect carbohydrate absorption

A
  1. Absorption is faster through intact mucosa (inflammation or injury to mucosa can slow down absorption)
  2. Thyroid hormones INCREASE the rate of absorption of glucose.
  3. Mineralocorticoid: e.g. Aldosterone INCREASE the rate of absorption.
  4. High Na+ coon increases the rate of absorbtion
58
Q

Why is glucose important?

A
  1. It is the main nutrient forth brain and retina under non starvation conditions
  2. It is also the sole nutrient for red blood cells
  3. It is a key source of energy to body cells via respiration
59
Q

How much energy glucose produce?

A

Glucose produces 3.75 K-calories of energy/ gm

60
Q

Name the hormones involved in glucose homeostasis

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

61
Q

Where is insulin secreted?

A

Secreted by the beta cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas

62
Q

What type of glands are the beta cells in the islets of langerhans ?

A

Endocrine glands

63
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It is responsible fro regulating levels of glucose in blood by stimulating body cells to take up glucose

64
Q

Where is glucagon secreted?

A

It is hormone secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas

65
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

It is responsible for converting glycogen stored in the liver to glucose and releasing it in the blood when blood glucose levels are low

66
Q

If blood sugar rises what happens?

A
  1. Beta cells secrete insulin
  2. This triggers cells to take up glucose by body cells
  3. Excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen
67
Q

If blood sugar falls what happens?

A
  1. Alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secretes glucagon
  2. This triggers the lover to break down Glycogen into glucose released in blood
68
Q

Describe the structure of insulin

A
  1. Insulin is a small protein made up of 2 polypeptide chains A and B looked by a disulphide bond
69
Q

If a person has insufficient or no insulin what can patients have?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

70
Q

State normal blood glucose levels

A

Fasting= 80-90mg/100ml

After a meal 120-140mg/100ml

71
Q

Name the main hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels

72
Q

What can insulin deficiency/ resistance lead to?

A

hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus

73
Q

Give some symptoms of diabetes

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Blurred vison
  3. Slow healing sores
  4. Unusual weight loss or gain
  5. Yeast infection
  6. Dry mouth
  7. increased urination
  8. Excessive thirst
    9 Nausea
74
Q

What macrovascular complications can arise due to diabetes?

A
  1. Brain: cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, transient schema and cognoticec impairment
  2. Heart: Coronoary syndrome, heart attack and failure
  3. Extremities: Diabetic foot, skin ulcers, amputation
75
Q

What microvascular complications can arise due to diabetes?

A
  1. Eye: Retinopathy. cataract and glaucoma
  2. Kidneys: renal failure
  3. Nerve can be affected
76
Q

What dent complications are associated with diabetes?

A
  1. Dry mouth
  2. Gum and periodontal disease
  3. Loss of teeth
  4. Impaired and delayed healing g
    4, Infections
77
Q

Name the hormone produced by the beta cells in the islets of langerhans

78
Q

How can dentist manage diabetic patients?

A
  1. Ensure regular visits to the dentist and dental hygiene
  2. Maintainece of oral hygiene
  3. Regular periodontal check and management
  4. Antibiotic coverage fro surgeries
  5. Controlled blood sugar levels before any surgical intervention
  6. Mouth wash
  7. Artificial saliva if required

Year 2 (20 decks)

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