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Year 2 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Define lipids

A

Biological molecules
insoluble in aqueous solutions
soluble in organic solvents are classified as lipids

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2
Q

What do lipids include? (5)

A
  1. Fats
  2. Oils
  3. Certain vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  4. Hormones
  5. most of The cell membrane that is not made up of protein
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3
Q

Name the major classifications of lipids (3)

A
  1. Fatty acids and its derivatives
  2. Cholesterols and its derivatives
  3. Lipoproteins
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4
Q

What are fatty acids comprised of?

A

Hydrogen chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups

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5
Q

What are fatty acids responsible for?

A

The hydrophobic properties exhibited by lipids

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6
Q

What do fatty acids have an important role in?

A
  1. Cellular fuel sources
  2. Energy storage within adipose tissues in the form of triacylglycerols
  3. Structural functions
  4. The composition of hormones
  5. The modification of proteins
  6. Cell signalling
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7
Q

What are the 2 main groups fatty acids can be divided into?

A
  1. Saturated
  2. unsaturated

2. Unsaturated

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8
Q

Describe saturated fats

A

They are generally solid at room temperature

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9
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

Animal sources:

  1. Lard
  2. Butter
  3. Hard margarine
  4. Cheese
  5. Whole milk
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10
Q

Describe unsaturated fats

A

They are usually liquid at room temperature

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11
Q

Where are unsaturated fats found

A

Vegetable sources

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12
Q

What can carbon double bonds give?

A

Cis or Trans isomers

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13
Q

What is a fatty acid with one double bond called?

A

Mono unsaturated

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14
Q

What dictates the physical property of fatty acids?

A

The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon

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15
Q

Which part of the lipid is responsible for its hydrophobic properties?

A

The fatty acid chain

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16
Q

What is a fatty acid with MORE than one double bond called?

A

Polyunsaturated

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17
Q

Which is healthier saturated fats or unsaturated vegetable oils?

A

Unsaturated vegetable oils

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18
Q

Give examples of unsaturated vegetable oils

A
  1. Sesame
  2. Sunflower
  3. Soya
  4. Olive oil
  5. Soft margarine
    6, Oily fish
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19
Q

What has research shown about unsaturated cis fats?

A

They can help lower cholesterol

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20
Q

What makes a fatty acid ‘trans’

A

Means the hydrogens are u 2 different planes

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21
Q

Where are trans fats found naturally?

A

Found naturally at low levels in some foods such as meat and diary products

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22
Q

How man grams of trans fat does the government recommend?

A

adults should not have more than about 5g of trans fatsa day

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23
Q

Name some Physiologically Relevant Fatty Acids

A
  1. Myristic acid
  2. Palmitic acid
  3. Palmitoleic acid
  4. Stearic acid
  5. Oleic acid
  6. Linoleic acid
  7. Linolenic acid
  8. Arachidonic acid
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24
Q

Name the 2 essential fatty acids

A
  1. Linoleic acid

2. Linolenic acid

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25
Q

What is the importance of myristic acid

A

It is often found attached to the N term of plasma membrane associated cytoplasmic proteins

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26
Q

What is the importance of palmitic acid

A

It is the end product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis

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27
Q

How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for men?

A

menshould not havemore than 30g of saturated fat a day

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28
Q

How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for women?

A

women should nothavemore than20g of saturated fata day

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29
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

Composed of a glycerol backbone to which 3 fatty acids are esterified

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30
Q

What are triglycerides used for in the body?

A
  1. They are very effect long term energy storage
  2. Protects nd cushions organs
  3. Fat deposits under skin and throughout body cut heat loss
31
Q

Compare the energy released from triglycerides and carbohydrates?

A

Gram for gram triglycerides have more than twice the energy of
Carbohydrates

32
Q

State a property of triglyceride that makes it an efficient energy store

A

It is virtually non polar

33
Q

What are steroids?

A

men+ women produce them naturally every day
necessary to sustain life
lipids

characterised by a carbon skeleton
consisting of 4 fused rings

3= 6 sided ring
1= 5 sided ring

34
Q

*Name the most common steroid

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

What is a high blood cholesterol associated with?

A

Increased incidences of heart attack and stroke

36
Q

Where in the body is cholesterol made?

A

The liver- 75%

37
Q

What is cholesterol carried as in the blood?

A
  1. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

2. high-density lipoprotein (HDL0

38
Q

What can too much saturated fat lead to?

A

Can raise the LDL cholesterol in the blood which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke

39
Q

What effect does HDL cholesterol have?

A

Has a positive effect

40
Q

How does HDL cholesterol have a positive effect

A

It takes cholesterol from parts of the body where’s too much of it to the liver where it is disposed of

41
Q

What is eating too much saturated fats associated with?

A

Increased blood cholesterol concentration and an increased risk of heart disease

42
Q

Which type of lipids are deemed as being really unhealthy

A

Trans fats (hydrogenated unsaturated fats)

43
Q

What are hydrogenated fats?

A

They are liquid vegetable oils made creamy when when manufacturers convert some of theunsaturated fatsintosaturatedones through a process called “hydrogenation.”

44
Q

Wha is the government guideline regarding lipid intake

A

Recommend fats make up no more than 35 per cent of the energy in the diet.

45
Q

Wha is the government guideline regarding saturated fats

A

Saturated fats should provide less than 11 per cent of total energy intake.

46
Q

In grams how much fat should the average woman consume?

A

70g

47
Q

In grams how much fat should the average man consume?

A

95g

48
Q

*properties of saturated fatty acids:

A

1) very stable- not prone to rancidity
2) straight chains stack tightly
3) solid at room temp

49
Q

*what are saturated fatty acids found in?

A

1) butter
2) animal fats
3) eggs
4) coconut oil
5) palm oil
6) body

50
Q

*cis configuration means the chain

A

can bend

more double bonds in cis configuration = less flexible
occurs in all biological unsaturated fatty acids

51
Q

*trans configuration means the chain

A

does not bend

52
Q

*properties of unsaturated fatty acids (4)

A

1) double bonds, means HC chains can bend
2) double bonds = prone to rancidity
3) do not stack as tightly
4) liquid at room temp

53
Q

*what are unsaturated fatty acids found in?

A

plant oils

54
Q

relevance of linolenic acid?

A

essential fatty acid
animals can not synthesise them
must be obtained through dietary plant sources

55
Q

*what is special about fatty acids?

A

rarely occur as free molecules

but make up:

  • triglycerides (storage)
  • phospholipids (primary lipid component of cellular membrane)
56
Q

*which 2 complex lipids are derived from fatty acids?

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
57
Q

*gram for gram fatty acids produce what?

A

more than 2x the energy of carbs

58
Q

*where is the major site of accumulation of triacylglycerols?

A

in cytoplasm of adipocytes (fat cells)

59
Q

*role of triglycerides in body?

A

thermal insulation
protection + cushions organs against mechanical compression

60
Q

*when fat deposits under skin, heat loss is reduced by?

A

2/3

61
Q

*how do phospholipids act as precursors for signalling molecules?

A

phospholipid gets converted into signalling molecule in response to external/ internal stimuli

which are involved in cellular processes (cell growth, metabolism, differentiation)

62
Q

*how do phospholipids act as precursors for macromolecular synthesis?

A

phospholipids get broken down into fatty acids
used a precursors
for synthesis of proteins + nucleic acids

BUILDING BLOCKS

62
Q

*how do phospholipids act as precursors for macromolecular synthesis?

A

phospholipids get broken down into fatty acids
used a precursors
for synthesis of proteins + nucleic acids

BUILDING BLOCKS

63
Q

*what do steroids do?

A

steroids + their derivatives
perform vital cellular functions

64
Q

*role of cholesterol in enhancing permeability?

A

1) maintains cell membrane fluidity
-> if cell membrane has cholesterol in it, cells have higher permeability to many molecules

65
Q

*role of cholesterol as a precursor (2)

A

main element in production of:

hormones
vitamin d

66
Q

*where does cholesterol in our body come from?

A

1) produced by liver - 75%
2) from diet- 25%

in nuts, fish, oatmeal

67
Q

*how is cholesterol transported in blood even though it is hydrophobic?

A

needs lipoprotein to transport

68
Q

*high blood cholesterol leads to?

A

heart attack
stroke
too much saturated fats

69
Q

*action of cholesterol in body:

A

cholesterol doesn’t dissolve in blood streams
it’s transported in and out of cells
by lipoproteins (carriers)

when cholesterol increases, body creates lipoproteins to transport cholesterol

70
Q

*what does LDL do?

A

takes cholesterol to arteries
collected in artery walls
= atherosclerosis plaque
clogs arteries
= heart attack + stroke

71
Q

*what does HDL do?

A

aids moving cholesterol from body
carry away from arteries
to deliver where it gets recycled

72
Q

effect on increase of dietary fats on blood lipids?

A

too much saturated fat
= + Blood cholesterol concs.
+ risk of heart disease

73
Q

*which types of fats are unhealthy? (2)

A

trans fats
hydrogenated unsaturated fats (margarine)
saturated fats (solid fats)

Year 2 (20 decks)

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