Obesity Flashcards
1
Q
Obesity
A
- public health concern and complex social problem
- being overweight
- obesity ranks 2nd in the top 10 most common health issue
2
Q
Social determinants of health (obesity)
A
- the environments where people are born, grow, live, and work
- access to medical care and health food, education, housing and transportation, occupation, and job security
- social determinants combined with health disparities such as environment, socioeconomic status, health literacy, and access to health education may also impact obesity
- constellation of factors contribute to obesity, including health behaviors, diet, physical inactivity, and genetics
3
Q
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor
A
- type II diabetes
- cardiovascular
- cerebrovascular
- gallbladder and liver disease
- sleep apnea
- gynecological problems (fibroid disease)
- neurological (such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease)
- musculoskeletal changes like osteoarthritis
- studies are beginning to look at the relationship of obesity to cancer and Alzheimer’s disease
4
Q
Metabolic syndrome
A
- a group of risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing heart disease, diabetes, and other health conditions
- affects about 1 in 3 adults
Defined as having at least 3 of the following conditions: - abdominal obesity = “apple shape” (or “pear shape” in women)
- high blood pressure = blood pressure that is 130/85 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or higher
- high blood sugar = a fasting blood sugar level of 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or higher
- high triglycerides = a triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 1.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) or higher
- low HDL cholesterol = an HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men or less than 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women
5
Q
Risk factors of metabolic syndrome
A
- being overweight
- having an inactive lifestyle
- family history
- the more metabolic syndrome risk factors you have, the higher your risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke
6
Q
Diabesity
A
- a term used to describe the combination of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM)
- is not an official diagnosis
- it means you have both obesity and type 2 diabetes
- greatly increases your risk of heart disease (the leading cause of death in the country)
7
Q
Body mass index (BMI)
A
- an international standard used to determine degree of obesity looking at weight relative to height
- BMI can be inaccurate because it does not account for factors like muscle mass, body fat distribution, age, sex, race, and ethnicity
- ex: someone with a lot of muscle and little body fat can be the same BMI as someone who is obese and has less muscle
- BMI is a useful screening tool for obesity, but it not a diagnostic tool and should not replace clinical judgment
8
Q
Waist circumference
A
- waist circumference plus BMI is used to describe the degree of obesity and predict the level of disease risk
- indicates the amount of fat distribution in the abdominal area
9
Q
Bariatic
A
- a term associated with person who are morbidly obese
- have a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher
- OR have a BMI between 30 and 35 and an obesity-related condition like heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or severe sleep apnea
- BMI of 35 or higher = extremely obese
10
Q
Childhood obesity
A
- obese children and adolescents are 5 times more likely to become obese adults
- obesity is defined in children and adolescents aged 2-19 years of age as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile according to gender, age, and growth chart
- while BMI charts are used to diagnose childhood obesity, caution should be taken
- BMI results may stigmatize children as being obese and cause issues with self-esteem
- added psychosocial stress and pressure to be thin (further perpetuated by the media, peers, friends, and family members)
- dissatisfaction with body image, depression, and failed attempts to achieve weight loss through dieting may result in weight gain, altered metabolic function (insulin sensitivity), and secretion of cortisol
- combined stressors, obesity, and psychosocial challenges may lower school performance and reduce quality of life
- BMI results may be used to raise parent and child awareness and discuss and set goals for lifestyle change and weight management
11
Q
Elder obesity
A
- obesity among elders may result from a decline in physical activity and a change in independent living
- more sedentary lifestyle and they are often positioned in and confined to wheelchairs
- weight gain may be associated with chronic conditions, immobility, and altered eating habits (increased in social eating in nursing homes)
- limited participation in occupations, deconditioning, and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) influences physical function and metabolic rate
12
Q
Obesity as a disease
A
- AMA classification of obesity as a disease
- classifying obesity as a disease raises awareness, increases insurance coverage and reimbursement for treatment, and expands federal and private funding for research, which may lead to new public policies regarding obesity intervention and presentation
- arguments against this classification = obesity is a risk factor for other chronic diseases, that BMI does not measure fat mass, and that patients diagnoses as overweight or obese may still be healthy
Disease is defined as: - an impairment of the normal functioning of some aspect of the body
- characteristic signs and symptoms
- causes harm or morbidity
13
Q
Obesity and stigma
A
- weight stigma is defined as “the social rejection and devaluation that accrues to those who do not comply with prevailing social norms of adequate body weight and shape”
- “obesity as the last socially acceptable form of prejudice”
- may experience verbal abuse, verbal and physical bullying, poorer care, have worse outcomes, and be more vulnerable to depression, reduced self-esteem and poor self-concept
- may be perceived as dishonest, sloppy, lacking self-control, lazy, unattractive, intellectually impaired, gluttonous, and socially impaired
14
Q
Obesity and depression
A
- medical issue with mental health signs and symptoms
- the relationship between emotional state, behavior, excessive food intake, and lower energy expenditure may reflect a significant psychosocial issue
- obese persons have 55% probability of developing depression
- depression leads to reduced physical activity leads to poor dietary choices leads to obesity leads to inflammation (a continuous cycle)
15
Q
Obesity and stress
A
- stress and anxiety may also interfere with one’s ability to lose and manage weight
- stress results in the secretion of cortisol, which has been shown to increase central adipose tissue and secondary risk factors for disease such as metabolic syndrome
- cortisol = a hormone that affects many parts of the body, including the immune system, metabolism, and blood pressure
- chronic stress had a significant effect on food cravings, and food cravings had a significant effect on BMI
16
Q
Symptoms of high cortisol (obesity and stress)
A
- disrupted sleep
- weight gain (in the face or midsection)
- excessive hair growth
- sugar, salt, and fat cravings
- headaches
- fatigue
- irritability
- high blood pressure and blood sugar
- weak bones
17
Q
Causes of obesity
A
- poor diet
- sedentary lifestyle
- metabolic factors
- medications
- socioeconomic factors
- environmental factors
- psychological factors
- genetics
Biological: - genetics
- brain-cut axis
- prenatal determinants
- pregnancy and menopause
- neuroendocrine conditions
- mediations
- physical disability
- gut microbiome
- viruses
Behavioral: - excessive calorie intake
- eating patterns
- sedentary lifestyle
- reduced physical activity
- insufficient sleep
- smoking cessation
Environmental: - food abundance
- built environment
- socioeconomic status
- culture
- bias and discrimination
- environmental chemicals
