Cardiopulmonary Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiopulmonary system
A
- lungs
- heart
- pulmonary artery
- main function = to regulate blood flow between the heart and the lungs
- if there is not enough oxygen in the body, literally the organs start to die
2
Q
Respiratory system
A
- nose
- throat
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
- diaphragm
3
Q
Lungs
A
- 2 balloon-like organs in the chest cavity
- spongelike tissue
- right lung = 3 lobes
- left lung = 2 lobes
4
Q
Pleura
A
- membrane surrounds the lungs
- separates lungs from the chest wall
5
Q
How the lungs work
A
- oxygen is inhaled into the trachea = diaphragm muscle pulls down the chest cavity to create a vacuum for air to enter
- oxygen goes through the bronchial tubes to alveolar sacs
- oxygen enters the blood stream to the cells
- oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
- blood stream carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- carbon dioxide is exhaled
6
Q
Respiratory system
A
- plays an important role in protecting the body from irritants
- inhaled irritants are expelled through coughing and sneezing mechanisms
- the epiglottis prevents foreign materials from entering the air passages that lead to the lungs
- inhaled air is warmed and moistened for optimal humidity within the nose and mouth
- inhaled air is cleaned by mucus = a sticky substance that lines the airway structures and catches foreign matter like dust, germs, and other irritants
- cilia = hairlike structures that move like waves within the airway, remove the mucus up and out of the system
7
Q
Heart
A
- fist-sized organ made of muscular cardiac tissue that expands and contracts approximately 100,000 times a day, pumping about 2,000 gallons of oxygen and nutrient rich blood throughout the body
8
Q
Chambers of the heart
A
- 2 upper chambers (atria) = receive blood from the veins
- 2 lower chambers (ventricles) = pump blood out of the heart through the arteries
- the atria and ventricles work in tandem, contracting and relaxing to pump blood out of the heart
9
Q
Septum (heart)
A
- muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the chambers
10
Q
Valves (heart)
A
- prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction
11
Q
Sinus node (heart)
A
- nestled in the wall of the right atrium
- pacemaker
- sends out an electrical signal causing each chamber to contract in rhythm
12
Q
One complete heartbeat
A
- made up of 2 phases
- systole = ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
- diastole = ventricles fill in with blood
- the systemic pathway transports blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again
13
Q
Pulmonary circulatory system
A
- loops the heart with the lungs
14
Q
Path of blood flow through the heart
A
Deoxygenated blood:
- superior and interior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
Oxygenated blood:
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
- body
15
Q
Cardiopulmonary vital signs
A
- the routine of monitoring vital signs by health care professionals is critical when working with clients who have been diagnosed with a cardiopulmonary condition
- vital signs can tell you info about the patient
- pulse or heart rate (HR)
- respiratory rate (RR)
- blood pressure (BP)
- oxygen saturation (O2 sat)
- temperature
- vital signs can help detect potential medical issues as well as monitor how the body is tolerating activities
16
Q
Pulse rate
A
- pulse (heart rate) = the number of times a heart rate beats in one minute (BPM)
- can vary from person to person
- normal range (adults) = 60-100 BPM
- typically lower at rest
- increases with exercise = more oxygen-rich blood is required with increased activity demand
- carotid (infant) = between the bicep and tricep
- radial pulse (adult) = on the underside of the wrist at the base of the thumb, below the wrist creases
- carotid pulse (adult) = on the neck next to the windpipe
- arrhythmia
- tachycardia
- bradycardia
- atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
17
Q
Arrhythmia
A
- a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
18
Q
Tachycardia
A
- when the heart beats faster than 100 BPM in adults
19
Q
Bradycardia
A
- heart rate below 60 BPM
20
Q
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
A
- common
- an irregular heartbeat that causes the heart to beat in an unorganized rhythm
- caused by a problem in the heart’s electrical system, which stimulates the heart to squeeze and relax
- when the blood flow slows, it has the potential to pool which can increase the risk for blood clots, stroke, or other heart-related complications, including heart failure
- cause the risk of ischemia
21
Q
Respiratory rate
A
- the number of breaths an individual takes per minute
- measured by counting the number of times the chest rises upon inhalation
- most typically observed with the individual at rest
- an average adult takes 12-20 breaths per minute
- a respiration rate under 12 = abnormal
22
Q
Blood pressure
A
- how much the pressure or the force the heart sends the blood through the arteries
- as the heart beats, it creates pressure that forces blood through the arteries, veins, and capillaries
- systolic pressure = blood being pushed out of the heart and into the arteries of the circulatory system (top number of blood pressure)
- diastolic pressure = when the heart rests in between heart beats (bottom number of blood pressure)
- average blood pressure varies by age
- normal range for adults = less than or equal to 110/70 mm Hg
- typically, more attention is paid to the systolic blood pressure measurement as an indicator of cardiovascular disease, particularly for individuals over 50
- either an elevated systolic or diastolic reading may be used to make a diagnosis of high blood pressure
23
Q
Oxygen saturation
A
- the amount of hemoglobin in the blood that is saturated with oxygen
- hemoglobin = binds with oxygen and is transported around the bloodstream to the organs, tissues, and cells (each red blood cell contains about 270 million molecules of hemoglobin)
- dependent on oxygen availability (what an individual breathes in), the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and gas exchange in the lungs
- normal oxygen saturation ranges between 96-100%
- measured non-invasively using pulse oximetry (Spo2) = clips to a finger and measures the wavelengths of light reflect from the blood (on the finger, ear, or toes for little kids)
- values under 90% = low (will need supplemental oxygen on)
- hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) = lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood (can cause problems with gas exchange, such as in cases of asthma, COPD, or lower concentration of hemoglobin like iron deficiency anemia)
24
Q
Hypertension (HTN)
A
- higher than 140/90 mm Hg
Primary factors: - no specific identifiable etiology
- may be age, family history or obesity or lifestyle choices (definitely a genetic factor)
- smoking, ETOH abuse, limited exercise, and high sodium intake
Secondary factors: - triggered by an underlying condition = kidney, adrenal or thyroid gland, congenital blood vessel defects, and obstructive sleep apnea
- medication, birth control pills, dietary pills, stimulants, and antidepressants
*sedentary lifestyle leads a to weaker body systems
- known as the “silent killer”
- 108 million adults in U.S. diagnosed each year
- primary cause or contributing factor to almost 1,000 deaths each day (not because of hypertension, but of what it causes like strokes or heart attacks
25
Q
Signs and symptoms of hypertension
A
- often asymptomatic until it becomes a problem
- persistent high blood pressure damages heart, kidneys, and other body structures
- sometimes can cause nose bleed, headaches, or shortness of breath (SOB) = when it is severe or life threatening
- can damage other body structures because they have blood vessels
26
Q
Medical management for hypertension
A
Lifestyle changes:
- dietary changes = decreasing sodium intake
- increasing physical activity
- smoking cessation
- limiting alcohol (ETOH) consumption
Medications
- diuretics = (makes you pee which helps get rid of the fluid in your body) support kidney function and reduce blood volume (your heart pumps through your body, goes to your kidneys to produce urine)
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors = prevent blood vessels from narrowing, stays open
- calcium channel blocker = prevents calcium from entering cardiac muscle calls (calcium helps muscle to contract) and allows blood vessels to relax
- slow heart rate and inhibit force to decrease cardiac workload, lowers blood pressure
27
Q
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
A
- one of the most common cardiac-related disorders affecting millions of individuals worldwide
- coronary arteries = the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients
- coronary arteries become damaged over time
- atherosclerosis = a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaque that can progressively narrow the vessels, can occlude blood supply to the heart muscle
28
Q
Etiology of CAD
A
- decreased blood flow over time
- weakness the heart muscle
- increase risk for angina, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and arrhythmias
- genetics
- high cholesterol levels
- diabetes
Lifestyle factors: - limited physical activities
- smoking
- excessive alcohol (ETOH) consumption
- stress
29
Q
Signs and symptoms of CAD
A
- angina (heart/chest pain) = pressure, aching, or squeezing in the left shoulder, arm, neck, back, or jaw (the blood is not getting to the heart for it to work, so the heart is having to work harder
- shortness of breath (SOB)
- nausea
- rapid or irregular heartbeat
- diaphoresis = excessive sweating (because you’re working hard)
- feeling similar to indigestion
- complete blockage of artery = heart attack
