Nutrition in Health and Disease

Question 1

results in absence of illness or discomfort, fitness, longevity, optimum health

Answer 1

Healthy diet

Question 2

low food intake

Answer 2

Under-nutrition

Question 3

imbalanced nutrient intake

Answer 3

Specific deficiencies

Question 4

BMI > 25/>30

Answer 4

Overweight/obesity

Question 5

under-nutrition, specific deficiencies, overweight/obesity

Answer 5

Malnutrition

Question 6

stage of development (fetus->elderly), level of inflammatory stress, previous nutritional exposure in utero (fetal origins of adult disease), genotype

Answer 6

Key variables that influence nutritional demands and the incidence and presence of diseases with a nutritional basis

Question 7

immune system, antioxidant defenses, detoxification systems (efficiency declines with age -> activity of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification systems declines with age)

Answer 7

Defense for exposure to pathogens and toxins

Question 8

rate significantly declines from infancy to elderly -> impacts on speed of wound healing and recovery from infection

Answer 8

Whole body protein synthesis

Question 9

interaction between nutritional status and effective operation of the immune system -> malnutrition leads to increased chances of dying from infection -> due to malfunctioning immune system -> inflammation plays significant role in morbidity and mortality in chronic diseases with a nutritional basis

Answer 9

Level of inflammatory stress

Question 10

does not involve the immune system (this could be false) but is influenced by nutrition

Answer 10

Hypertension

Question 11

most involve immune system and mostly all are influenced by nutrition

Answer 11

Chronic diseases

Question 12

we are surrounded by these and our physiology is designed to resist them

Answer 12

Microbes

Question 13

normal function is to detect and destroy pathogens, removing damaged tissue and bringing about wound healing

Answer 13

Immune system

Question 14

Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation in health and disease -> many types of injury produce a similar inflammation

Answer 14

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

Question 15

immune system activation -> pro-inflammatory cytokines -> oxidants -> pathogen killing and tissue damage -> nutrients are released from host tissues (appetite loss) -> glutamine and glucose consumed by T and B cells (immuno-nutrition)

Answer 15

Typical response of the body to infection or injury

Question 16

along with sulfur amino acids cause glutathione synthesis -> antioxidant defenses are strengthened to reduce tissue damage

Answer 16

Glutamine

Question 17

tissue remodeling

Answer 17

TWEAK/Fn14 system

Question 18

IL10, heat shock proteins

Answer 18

Feedback systems

Question 19

major injury (burns) or infection increase significantly, under-nutrition can decrease BMR (weight loss >10% of body weight)

Answer 19

Influence of infections and injury on metabolic rate

Question 20

although weight loss provides nutrition for the immune system during infection and injury -> there is a limit to weight loss and survival

Answer 20

Body weight loss during fasting and following injury and infections of various intensity

Question 21

Survival curves of patients with HIV infection according to rate of loss of body protein content -> % of patients surviving decreases significantly with Body Cell Mass

Answer 21

Body cell mass

Question 22

negative acute phase reactants -> when it is reduced when levels of inflammatory stress become raised -> One of the first indications that the immune system had a role in mortality from chronic diseases

Answer 22

Serum albumin

Question 23

as serum albumin it is a negative acute phase reactant and is reduced when inflammatory stress levels are increased

Answer 23

HDL

Question 24

take up cholesterol and damaged lipoproteins -> die and deposit fat under lining of endothelial cells of the arteries -> all due to inflammation

Answer 24

Monocytes

Question 25

Heart disease is caused by chronic inflammation and therefore this should be the focus

Answer 25

Anti-inflammatory changes in lifestyle

Question 26

key task is to kill pathogens -> too much of this can cause mortality and morbidity -> can also cause insulin insensitivity (diabetes mellitus), hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis (MI)

Answer 26

Inflammation (stimulated by pathogens, environmental factors and damaged tissue)

Question 27

Percentage of deaths attributable to undernutrition

Answer 27

53%

Question 28

How many Kgs of weight do you gain in pregnancy

Answer 28

12kg