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Nutrition > Nutrition and Aging > Flashcards

Nutrition and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Rate of aging -> age related diseases -> death

A

3 factors contribute -> genetics (senescence genes, genes coding for components of biomolecules defense systems), lifestyle factors (diet, housing, exercise), environment (exposure to chemicals, disease causing organisms)

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2
Q

Xenobiotic detoxification systems

A

activity of these enzymes declines with age

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3
Q

Disability threshold

A

Functional capacity of individual’s tissues and organs (lungs and kidney) may develop and decline at different rates -> below this point there is a functional disability -> different people reach this at different stages

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4
Q

Total dysfunction of the lung

A

normally occurs at 130-140 years old, this number is lowered by ROS, smoking, COPD (lungs reach maturity at 18-25 years)

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5
Q

Frailty

A

ability to withstand challenges -> in between senility and death

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6
Q

Programmed aging

A

aging theory that says that limited number of cell divisions and neuroendocrine and brain function decrease

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7
Q

Inefficient DNA repair

A

aging theory that says over a lifetime -> proportion of cells carrying abnormal DNA increases

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8
Q

Free radical damage

A

aging theory that says there is a decreased efficiency of free radical scavenging systems as we age

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9
Q

Summation of cumulative damage to life systems sustained throughout lifetime

A

aging theory that says accumulation of damaged cell lipids and proteins and raised levels of oxidant and inflammatory stress (increase in CRP)

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10
Q

Programmed cellular aging

A

majority of our cells initially contain telomeres of a certain length -> with each cell division this length is diminished by a fixed amount

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11
Q

Cardiovascular changes with aging

A

atherosclerosis, hypertension

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12
Q

Central nervous system changes with aging

A

reduced cognitive function

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal changes with aging

A

skeletal muscle atrophy, osteoporosis

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14
Q

Respiratory changes with aging

A

reduced lung volume, obstructive pulmonary disease

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15
Q

Endocrine changes with aging

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes, hypercortisolemia

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16
Q

Immune changes with aging

A

generally decline in function -> especially T cells

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17
Q

Factors leading to increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly

A

sarcopenia, malnutrition and frailty (all inter-related)

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18
Q

Frailty

A

clinical syndrome characterized by at least 3 of the following criteria -> weight loss, self reported exhaustion, weakness (fall in hand grip strength), slow walking speed, low physical activity

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19
Q

Sarcopenia

A

excessive loss of skeletal muscle -> impairment in activities of daily living, loss of strength, increased incidence of falls, increased incidence of hip factors, calf circumference < 31cm

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20
Q

Conditions leading to sarcopenia

A

age related (sex hormones, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction), cachexia, starvation and malabsorption, endocrine (corticosteroids, GH, IGF-1, thyroid, insulin resistance), Disuse (immobility, physical inactivity, zero gravity), neurodegenerative diseases (motor neuron loss)

21
Q

Aging

A

associated with loss of lean body mass -> particularly skeletal muscle

22
Q

Malnutrition

A

weight loss >5% in 3 months or 10% in 6 months, BMI < 20, serum albumin <3.5 g/dL

23
Q

Increase in signs of inflammatory and oxidative stress

A

increased cytokine production, loss of muscle and bone, increased blood lipids, increased amount of disease with an inflammatory components in its cause -> shown by an increase in plasma triglycerides and CRP as people age

24
Q

IL-6

A

level of protein synthesis (myosin heavy chain in this study) is decreased as this marker of inflammation increases

25
Q

Aging process

A

increases production of proinflammatory cytokines -> inhibits function of T cells and B cells -> antioxidants can prevent this (NFkB)

26
Q

Chronic activation of inflammatory signaling pathways

A

causes immuno-senescence (dysfunction of T and B cells, monocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, thymic shrinkage, altered Th1/Th2 profile, genetics), metabolic dysregulation and poor aging outcomes (infections, cancer, CVD, metabolic syndrome, frailty) -> need to prevent this in order to improve aging (no smoking, no obesity)

27
Q

CRP and IL-6

A

when you have both increased in your blood it significantly increases your risk of dying than just one by itself

28
Q

Proteins and other cell components

A

become damaged by cross-linking carboxylation, glycation, etc and are removed by tissue degradation -> protein degradation slows with aging and damaged proteins and other molecules accumulate in all tissues exerting a pro-inflammatory influence

29
Q

Glycation (furosine) and glycoxidation (pentosidine)

A

biochemical relationship between these markers -> Ne-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) can also potentially originate from lipid peroxidation and pentosidine from ascorbate

30
Q

Foods rich in AGEs/ALE’s (advanced glycation end products)

A

dairy products, grains, meat, (increases from boiling to oven frying), egg yolk powder, lecithin powder, Chinese soy products, coffee, tea, alcohol and beer

31
Q

Increased accumulation of the glycoxidation product

A

CML was reported to be significantly increased in old adults and even more significantly in diabetic patients

32
Q

Increased AGE

A

intake in diabetic patients triggers changes in markers of inflammation -> linked to diabetes and vascular dysfunction -> high serum levels predict increased CHD in non-diabetic men but not non-diabetic women

33
Q

Vitamin B6, E and selenium

A

improvement in immune function if deficient

34
Q

Vitamins B6, 12 and folate

A

protection against lung cancer in non-smokers

35
Q

Carotenoids, vitamins C and E

A

adequate lifetime amounts may produce decline in cognitive function

36
Q

Omega 3 PUFA

A

prevention or reversal of atherosclerosis, improvement in immune function

37
Q

IL10 (1082 polymorphism)

A

anti-inflammatory -> if you have the genotype to be a high producer you have a good chance of being over 100 (GG)

38
Q

IL-1 pro-inflammatory SNP

A

Men live longer without this

39
Q

TNF alpha pro inflammatory SNPs

A

Women live longer with this (counter intuitive)

40
Q

Who have higher inflammation (CRP) and more fatty and less stable plaques

A

Men

41
Q

Increased EPA (fish oil)

A

has more of an effect on older subjects and inhibits inflammation more successfully (more inflammation going on in older people)

42
Q

fish oil is more affective in this group (not related to age)

A

TNF-a-308 AA allele causes increased inflammation

43
Q

can increase the lifespan (seen in Rhesus monkeys), prolong disease onset (more animals free of symptoms)

A

Low calorie diet (calorie restriction)

44
Q

survive longer (BMR is set at a lower rate)

A

Lower body temperature

45
Q

people with low fasting insulin, people with higher levels of DHEA

A

Live longer

46
Q

study looking at reduced calorie diet decreases systolic blood pressure

A

Biosphere 2

47
Q

study looking at calorie restricted/calorie restricted + exercise -> led to significant weight decrease and decrease in body core temperature

A

CALERIE

48
Q

prevent inflammatory stress from becoming worse -> reduce the likelihood of immunosuppression

A

Healthy aging

Nutrition (16 decks)

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