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Nutrition > Nutrition and Pregnancy > Flashcards

Nutrition and Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

significant increase in DNA content (cell number) before birth (undernourished children had decreased increase), levels off after birth; Protein content (cell size) continually increases before and after birth

A

Human brain

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2
Q

Liver increases throughout life, Kidney increases after birth but stops at about 3-4 months

A

Tissue DNA content (cell size)

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3
Q

->only carbohydrate transported across the placenta by facilitated diffusion
(concentration greater on the mother’s size)

A

Glucose

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4
Q
  • > transported as acetyl CoA and free FA across the placenta
  • > species differences in ease of transport

-> in humans the main source of this for fetuses is glucose

A

Fat

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5
Q

-> cross by pinocytosis
(small section of maternal cells is swallowed into vacuole and released into cell on fetal side)
-> the rate is inversely proportional to square root of MW for:
~albumin
~fibrinogen
~gamma-globulins
~transferrin
-> GH, insulin and TSH DO NOT cross (protects)
-> fetus gets 10-15% of daily requirement from drinking amniotic fluid
(fetuses with swallowing difficulties suffer growth retardation)

A

Proteins

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6
Q

> cross by active transport

  • > concentration is highest on fetal side
  • > only L type cross, NOT D
A

AA

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7
Q

more surface area causes increased weight of fetuses -> obese mothers have highest placental weight

A

Placental size

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8
Q

the fattest fetus at birth of all species

A

Humans

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9
Q

first the mother increases levels, fetus will increase levels after a delay then exponentially

A

Fat

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10
Q 
5g more protein, 
0.8MJ more energy
30mg more of ascorbic acid, 
700mg more of calcium, 
3 more mg of iron
A

Daily dietary requirements for pregnancy in 3rd trimester

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11
Q

actually need more than during pregnancy of protein and energy (same for ascorbic acid, calcium and iron)

A

Lactation

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12
Q

optimal BMI for conceiving children

A

20-26

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13
Q

key to pregnancy nutrition -> basic principles during pregnancy are the same -> it is likely to provide the micronutrients needed, it should include enough portions of fruits and vegetables

A

Eating a balanced diet

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14
Q

no increase in the first trimester -> 300 increase per day in 2nd and 3rd trimester, increase should come from nutrient dense foods -> need for increase depends on physical activity, age and weight

A

Calories

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15
Q

most of the energy will come from this source, mostly complex starch -> whole grain foods are good because they are high in B vitamins and high in trace minerals such as zinc, selenium, chromium, magnesium

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

required for hyperplasia and hypertrophy of maternal tissues and to meet fetal needs

  • > intake for pregnancy is about 70 g/day
  • > greatest demand during the last half of pregnancy when the fetal growth is greatest
A

Protein

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17
Q

essential fatty acids are important for infant growth, especially omega 3 and omega 6 FAs (DHA) -> seafood is good source of protein and iron and omega 3 which helps baby’s brain development

A

Fat

18
Q

women should not consume these fish because of potential damage to baby’s developing nervous system -> swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish

A

Mercury

19
Q

deficiency can cause neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

20
Q

deficiency can cause anemia and hemorrhage

A

Iron

21
Q

deficiency can cause cretinism

A

Iodine

22
Q

deficiency can cause anemia and low birth weight

A

Zinc

23
Q

deficiency can cause neonatal hypocalcemia, poor infant bone formation

A

Vitamin D

24
Q

deficiency can cause hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K

25
Q

deficiency can cause anemia, anencephaly, low birth weight

A

Copper

26
Q

caused by incomplete development of the brain and spinal cord and/or their protective covering -> spina bifida is most common (also anencephaly and encephaloceles) -> no cures

A

Neural tube defects

27
Q

spine fails to close properly during first few weeks of pregnancy causing damage to the nerves and spinal cord -> severe cases can result in full or partial paralysis and other problems such as hydrocephalus, bowel and bladder problems and learning disabilities

A

Spina bifida

28
Q

strong evidence that this supplement will prevent NTD’s -> need 400 micrograms/day for all woman in childbearing age,

  • > 1000 micro g/day in pregnant women (MAX),
  • > 4mg/day in women with history of Neural tube defect deliveries
  • > should take supplement 1 month prior to conception and during first trimester
A

Folic acid

29
Q

needed during pregnancy due to increased maternal blood volume -> good stores before pregnancy protect against deficiency anemias (increases risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight) -> a 30mg supplement/day is recommended during the 2nd and 3rd trimester (about twice normal)

A

Iron

30
Q
  • > increased need can be met through changes in metabolism during pregnancy
  • > resulting in increased absorption and release from bones
  • > appears to be replaced after pregnancy in women who have adequate intake of this and vitamin D
A

Calcium

31
Q

1.4 to 2.2kg weight gain

A

1st trimester

32
Q

0.5kg weight gain per week

A

2nd and 3rd trimester

33
Q

11-14kg (distributed)

  • > 5 for fetus/placenta/amniotic fluid, -> 1 for uterus,
  • > 2 for increased blood volume,
  • > 1.5 to breast tissue
  • > 1.5-2.5 maternal fat stores
A

Average weight gain during pregnancy

34
Q 
underweight = 13-18Kg
normal = 11-14, 
overweight = 9-11, 
obese = at least 7, 
twins = 16-21kg
A

Recommended weight gain

35
Q

metabolic rate drops if low maternal nutrition -> mothers become more efficient at metabolizing fat (don’t have a lot to use in malnourished areas)

A

Fetal growth is protected against malnutrition

36
Q

carries risks such as gestational diabetes and high blood pressure (however, pregnancy is no time for dieting)

A

Excess weight

37
Q

not necessary during pregnancy as long as a balanced diet is maintained -> except for maybe iron, folate, vitamin D + DHA

BUT note: Vit D supplement recommendation for pregnant and gen. pop is the same

A

Nutritional supplements

38
Q

mix cereals with legumes to get extra proteins -> may be need for supplements, especially iron, vitamin B12 and vitamin D

A

Vegetarian Diets

39
Q

significant increase in stillbirths, premature babies, neonatal deaths, low birth weight babies and a significant decrease in mean birth weight all together (but still average more than 2.5kg -> incredible capacity of mother to protect fetus from malnutrition)

A

During famine

40
Q

varies in response to energy intake -> additional adaptations in Gambian women = reduced diet induced thermogenesis and reduced activity (decreased basal metabolic rate in the mother’s tissues)

A

Energy cost of pregnancy

41
Q

adjusts to protect the fetus when food is in short supply -> long term consequences?

A

Maternal metabolism

42
Q

will only be effective if there are situations compromising fetal growth (ex. malaria) -> will significantly help undernourished with hemoglobin levels and birth weight -> extra energy is beneficial but extra protein can have negative effects

A

Food supplement

Nutrition (16 decks)

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