Inflammatory Factors

Question 1

Factors which influence

• > the level of inflammation in the body
• > and its effects

Answer 1

• > antioxidant intake,
• > type of fat in the diet,
• > obesity

all 3 have direct or indirect nutritional influence
-> nutrition can modify!

-> Also gender, aging and genetics

Question 2

Type of fat in the diet

Answer 2

omega 6 will increase inflammatory stress, omega 3 will decrease inflammatory stress

Question 3

will have a higher level of CRP and inflammatory stress

Answer 3

Older person

Question 4

molecular switch that is turned on by oxidized cell components (oxidized due to inflammatory cells) -> moves to nucleus and transcribes inflammatory mediators (increases IL1/TNF)

Answer 4

NFkB (IkB is inhibitory)

Question 5

decrease NFkB activity and decreases oxidized cell components

Answer 5

Antioxidants

Question 6

in the past humans consumed equal mix, now ratio is 16.7:1

Answer 6

Omega 6: Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 7

on blood lipids
-> lowers cholesterol but not triglycerides
-> linoleic acid (18:2)
-> arachidonic acid (20:4)
-> makes PGE2 and LTB4
(highly potent and increases inflammation -> pro-inflammatory)

Answer 7

Omega 6

Question 8

on blood lipids 
-> lowers triglycerides but not cholesterol 
-> alpha linoleic acid (18:3) 
-> EPA (20:5) 
-> makes PGE3 and LTB5 
(less potent and decreases inflammation - anti-inflammatory) 
-> anti-aggregatory, 
->lipid lowering 
->and has influences on CNS

Answer 8

Omega 3

Question 9

lowered by eating more omega 3’s, increased by eating more omega 6’s -> best is high omega 3 and low omega 6

Answer 9

TNF receptor production (marker of inflammation)

Question 10

decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and leptin (all pro-inflammatory secreted by adipose tissue)

Answer 10

Weight loss

Question 11

waist circumference >102cm in men and 88cm in women -> low HDL cholesterol ( more of these you have increases CRP/inflammation and increases risk of co-morbidities

Answer 11

Metabolic syndrome

Question 12

Eat fish oil, stop smoking, lose weight

Answer 12

Decrease inflammation

Question 13

significantly increases inflammation and therefore increases risk of inflammatory related chronic diseases

Answer 13

Obesity

Question 14

• > naturally had higher inflammatory stress
• > and had an increased loss of muscle tissue due to burns
• > also had significantly increased length of hospital stays

Answer 14

Males

Question 15

->Increased inflammatory stress 
~increased cytokine production, 
~loss of muscle and bone, 
~increased blood lipids, 
->increased inflammatory and oxidative 
(increased amount of disease with an inflammatory component in its cause) -> Increase in fasting plasma triglycerides and CRP in healthy Caucasians

Answer 15

Aging

Question 16

people produce at an individual constant level (due to genetics)
-> except premenopausal females (due to hormones)

Answer 16

Cytokines

Question 17

TNF-alpha -308 (G->A, A allele TNF2),
LT-a +252 (G->A, AA TNFB22),
IL-1beta -511 (C->T, TT),
IL-6 -174 (C->G, G allele)

Answer 17

Pro-inflammatory SNPs (AA change, genotype associated with raised cytokine production or poor disease outcome)

Question 18

longer hospital stay, longer stay in ICU, higher mortality rates -> may be additive but only express itself during pathological change.

Answer 18

Pro-inflammatory SNPs

GG genotype for IL-6 -174 SNP

Question 19

can cause atherosclerosis -> normal metabolite of methionine pathway -> give folic acid supplements to lower levels in the blood and prevent atherosclerosis -> NOT in everyone (depends on genetic characteristics

Answer 19

Homocysteine

Question 20

people who are TT have much better reduction in homocysteine, CC variant will not have a reduction in homocysteine when given folic acid supplements

Answer 20

C677T polymorphism

Question 21

can double time that people with peripheral vascular disease can spend on the treadmill (depends on genetics -> if they have both IL6-174G and CD36-31118G alleles they will be much more responsive to fish oil treatment of PVD)

Answer 21

Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 22

influenced by phenotypic and genotypic factors that determine individual inflammatory stress, and by pro- and anti- inflammatory nutrient intake

Answer 22

Level and severity of chronic disease