Inflammatory Factors Flashcards
Factors which influence
- > the level of inflammation in the body
- > and its effects
- > antioxidant intake,
- > type of fat in the diet,
- > obesity
all 3 have direct or indirect nutritional influence
-> nutrition can modify!
-> Also gender, aging and genetics
Type of fat in the diet
omega 6 will increase inflammatory stress, omega 3 will decrease inflammatory stress
will have a higher level of CRP and inflammatory stress
Older person
molecular switch that is turned on by oxidized cell components (oxidized due to inflammatory cells) -> moves to nucleus and transcribes inflammatory mediators (increases IL1/TNF)
NFkB (IkB is inhibitory)
decrease NFkB activity and decreases oxidized cell components
Antioxidants
in the past humans consumed equal mix, now ratio is 16.7:1
Omega 6: Omega 3 fatty acids
on blood lipids
-> lowers cholesterol but not triglycerides
-> linoleic acid (18:2)
-> arachidonic acid (20:4)
-> makes PGE2 and LTB4
(highly potent and increases inflammation -> pro-inflammatory)
Omega 6
on blood lipids -> lowers triglycerides but not cholesterol -> alpha linoleic acid (18:3) -> EPA (20:5) -> makes PGE3 and LTB5 (less potent and decreases inflammation - anti-inflammatory) -> anti-aggregatory, ->lipid lowering ->and has influences on CNS
Omega 3
lowered by eating more omega 3’s, increased by eating more omega 6’s -> best is high omega 3 and low omega 6
TNF receptor production (marker of inflammation)
decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and leptin (all pro-inflammatory secreted by adipose tissue)
Weight loss
waist circumference >102cm in men and 88cm in women -> low HDL cholesterol ( more of these you have increases CRP/inflammation and increases risk of co-morbidities
Metabolic syndrome
Eat fish oil, stop smoking, lose weight
Decrease inflammation
significantly increases inflammation and therefore increases risk of inflammatory related chronic diseases
Obesity
- > naturally had higher inflammatory stress
- > and had an increased loss of muscle tissue due to burns
- > also had significantly increased length of hospital stays
Males
->Increased inflammatory stress ~increased cytokine production, ~loss of muscle and bone, ~increased blood lipids, ->increased inflammatory and oxidative (increased amount of disease with an inflammatory component in its cause) -> Increase in fasting plasma triglycerides and CRP in healthy Caucasians
Aging
people produce at an individual constant level (due to genetics)
-> except premenopausal females (due to hormones)
Cytokines
TNF-alpha -308 (G->A, A allele TNF2),
LT-a +252 (G->A, AA TNFB22),
IL-1beta -511 (C->T, TT),
IL-6 -174 (C->G, G allele)
Pro-inflammatory SNPs (AA change, genotype associated with raised cytokine production or poor disease outcome)
longer hospital stay, longer stay in ICU, higher mortality rates -> may be additive but only express itself during pathological change.
Pro-inflammatory SNPs
GG genotype for IL-6 -174 SNP
can cause atherosclerosis -> normal metabolite of methionine pathway -> give folic acid supplements to lower levels in the blood and prevent atherosclerosis -> NOT in everyone (depends on genetic characteristics
Homocysteine
people who are TT have much better reduction in homocysteine, CC variant will not have a reduction in homocysteine when given folic acid supplements
C677T polymorphism
can double time that people with peripheral vascular disease can spend on the treadmill (depends on genetics -> if they have both IL6-174G and CD36-31118G alleles they will be much more responsive to fish oil treatment of PVD)
Omega 3 fatty acids
influenced by phenotypic and genotypic factors that determine individual inflammatory stress, and by pro- and anti- inflammatory nutrient intake
Level and severity of chronic disease
