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NME Emma copy and edit > Nutrition Disorders: Overnutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Disorders: Overnutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is NICE definition of malnutrition?

A
  • a state in which a deficiency of nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamins and minerals causes measurable adverse effects on body composition, function or clinical outcome
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2
Q

What is the definition of obesity accoridng to the WHO?

A
  • a disorder in which excess body fat has accumulated in a patient
  • fat may then have adverse health affects
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3
Q

What is are diagnosis cut offs of obesity and overweight using BMI accoridng to the WHO?

A
  • BMI >25kg/m2 overweight
  • BMI >30kg/m2 obese
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4
Q

What is are diagnosis cut offs of obesity using waist circumference accoridng to the WHO?

A
  • > 94cm /37 inches in men
  • >= 80cm/31.5 inches in women
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5
Q

How do we calculate BMI?

A
  • weight (kg) /height in cm2
  • 80kg / 1.86m2 = 24kg/m2
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6
Q

Is waist circumference a measure of central (fat around belly) or general obesity (fat everywhere)?

A
  • central obesity
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7
Q

What is central and general obesity?

A
  • central = fat is centred around chest and abdomen
  • general = fat is everywhere
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8
Q

Central obesity (fat centres around the abdomen and chest) are at higher risk of what diseases when compared with general obesity?

A
  • T2D
  • CVD
  • increased morbidity and mortality
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9
Q

Is BMI validated on <18 and >80 year olds?

A
  • no
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10
Q

Why is it important to use age and gender specific standards and centrile charts?

A
  • age and gender both influence body composition
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11
Q

Instead of using BMI and waist circumference in <18 years olds, what would we use instread?

A
  • age & gender specific standards and centile charts
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12
Q

Can being obese come with an associated stigma?

A
  • yes, can affect the following:
  • character = if obese does it mean they are lazy
  • intelligence = if obese are they not bery clever
  • social class = lower class may be more likley to be obese
  • job role = inability to do their job properly
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13
Q

Do patients with a low income consume more or less fruit and vegetables than those with a higher incomes, and total calories?

A
  • low income less fruit and vegetables BUT more total calories
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14
Q

Do patients who are well educated have higher energy expenditure than those who are less well educated?

A
  • educated and energy expenditure are inversely associated
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15
Q

Do obese patients tend to marry earlier or later, and marry oberse or non obese people than those who are not obese?

•

A
  • obese people marry later
  • obese are more likely to marry obese partners
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16
Q

Do married or single men weight more?

A
  • married men weigh more than single men
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17
Q

If women have more than one child, do they generally return to their previous weight, or do they generally gain weight with each baby?

A
  • weight increases with each child
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18
Q

Are older people who live alone more likley to be underweight than older people livving with someone?

A
  • older people who live alone are more likely to be underweight
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19
Q

Is being obese just down to eating and low physical activity?

A
  • no
  • mental health plays a role
20
Q

According to the WHO what has happened to obesity levels since 1975?

A
  • tripled
21
Q

In 2016, accoridng to the WHO what % of the worlds population that were >18 years were obese and overweight?

A
  • 39% were overweight
  • 13% were obese.
22
Q

In the majority of the world, is being overweight or underweight associated with higher mortality rates?

A
  • overweight
23
Q

is obesity and overweight only a problem in high income countries?

A
  • no it is now present in middle and low income countries
24
Q

In England between 1993 and 2000, what has happened to obestiy and overweight numbers?

A
  • both have increased
  • have slowed since 2003, but still rising
25
Q

In England between 2017 and 2018, what % of adults were obese and overweight?

A
  • 67% men
  • 60% women
26
Q

In England between 2017 and 2018, what % of year 6 school children were classified as obese?

A
  • 20%
27
Q

At what age in men and women does obesity peak in England according to NHS stats?

A
  • men = 55-64 years old
  • women = 65-74 years old
  • obesity generally increases with age
28
Q

According to the WHO how many children under 5 years old globally were obese?

A
  • 38 million
29
Q

According to the WHO how many adolescents (5-19) years old globally were obese or overweight?

A
  • >340 million
30
Q

How does obesity affect cellular and metabolic mechanisms?

A
  • causes cellular changes due to fat deposits
  • impairs metabolic function
31
Q

How does obesity affect joints?

A
  • increased weight increases wear and tear
32
Q

How does obesity affect the airways?

A
  • increases fat around airways
  • increases risk of asthma and sleep apnoea
33
Q

In children what what does fat increase the risk of?

A
  • T2D
  • asthma (risk increases by 40-50%)
  • increases CVD risk in adult life
  • mental health, low self esteem and emotional issues
34
Q

Does obesity affect the risk of disease in adults?

A
  • can affect any organ in the body
35
Q

Accoridng to the NICE guidelines, if a patient presents with a BMI <35kg/m2, what other measure would you be required to take to determine the health risks to the patient?

A
  • waist circumference
36
Q

Accoridng to the NICE guidelines, if a patient presents with a BMI >35kg/m2, does a waist circumference affect the the health risks to the patient?

A
  • no BMI is so high already
  • waist circumference becomes secondary to BMI
37
Q

What is one of the most common diseases that is associated with central obesity?

A
  • diabetes
  • always test patients who are obese for diabetes
38
Q

If a patient has a high BMI and waist circumference what disease should they be tested for?

A
  • diabetes
39
Q

To treat obesity what is the main aim of any obesity interventions?

A
  • to reduce calories consumed
  • increase energy expenditure
40
Q

To treat obesity the aim is to reduce calorie intake and increase energy expenditure, what are the 4 mains ways this can be achieved?

A
  • motivational interviewing and behaviour change
  • diets
  • drugs
  • bariatric surgery
41
Q

The NICE guidelines have identified how to assess and identify and manage patients with obesity based on their risk factors that encompass BMI, wasit circumference and co-morbidities. What are the 4 levels of the intervention plan?

A
  • level 1 = general advice healthy weight and lifestyle
  • level 2 = diet and physical health
  • level 3 = diet and physical activity, drugs
  • level 4 = diet and physical activity, drugs, surgery
42
Q

When discussing diets, does one diet work for everyone, and what is the overall aim of any diet?

A
  • no, specific to individual
  • calculate basal metabolic rate and subtract 500 calories
  • overall aim is just to reduce calories
43
Q

When a patient attends a clinic who is very overweight, what should the overall weight loss targets be?

A
  • 5-10% of overall weight
  • 0.5-1kg/week
  • 5% weight loss improves health outcomes
44
Q

What is bariatric surgery?

A
  • group of procedures aimed at facilitating weight loss
  • GIT is manipulated to reduce calorie intake
  • can include stomach stapling, gastric bypasses and sleeve gastrectomy
45
Q

Bariatric surgery is a surgical procedure aimed at reducing the amount of calories an individual is able to eat. At what BMI would a patient be considered for bariatric surgery?

A
  • BMI of >40
  • BMI between 35 and 40 with comorbidities
46
Q

What is meant by obesogenic enviroments?

A
  • enviorments that encourage obesity
  • food delivery
  • fast food close to schools

NME Emma copy and edit (61 decks)

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