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NME Emma copy and edit > Contents of the Abdomen > Flashcards

Contents of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of the GIT above the diapgrahm?

A

1 - oral cavity

2 - pharynx

3 - oesophagus

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2
Q

What are the 3 main components of the GIT below the diapgrahm?

A

1 - stomach

2 - small intestines

3 - large intestines

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3
Q

What are the 4 main components of the oral cavity?

A

1 - teeth (mechanical digestion)

2 - palate (blocks nasal cavity and swallowing)

3 - tongue (mixing of food and swallowing)

4 - salivary glands (secretion of saliva and digestion)

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4
Q

What is the main function of the oesophagus?

A
  • direct food to lower GI
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5
Q

When dividing the abdomen into quarters, what anatomical land mark would you use?

A
  • umbilicus (belly button)
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6
Q

What lies within the upper right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • right lobe of the liver
  • gall bladder
  • duodenum (first part of SI)
  • head of Pancreas
  • hepatic flexure of colon
  • small part of ascending and transverse colon
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7
Q

What lies within the upper left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • left lobe of liver
  • body of pancreas
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • part of transverse and descending colon
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8
Q

What lies within the lower left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • small intestine
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid Colon
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9
Q

What lies within the lower right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending colon
  • small intestine
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10
Q

What are the 3 cavities anteriorly?

A

1 - pelvic

2 - abdomen

3 - thoracic

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11
Q

What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • costal margin-superior
  • hip bones-inferior
  • lumbar vertebrae-posterior
  • abdominal muscles-anterolateral
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12
Q

What are the 5 layers that make up the anterolateral wall of the abdomen?

A

1 - skin

2 - superficial fascia

3 - muscles

4 - deep fascia

5 - peritoneum (parietal and visceral)

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13
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A
  • connective tissue
  • provides point for muscle to attach to bone or cartilage
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14
Q

What are the 4 layers of the abdominal muscle wall?

A

1 - external obliques

2 - internal obliques

3 - transverse abdominas

4 - rectus abdominas

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15
Q

What is the function of the external oblique muscles abdominal muscle wall?

A
  • work with internal obliques
  • movement of the trunk
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16
Q

What direction do the external oblique muscles of the abdominal muscle wall run?

A
  • run down towards front pockets]
  • like putting hands in the pockets
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17
Q

If we move laterally to medial on the abdominal wall, what do the external obliques become instead of just muscle?

A
  • turn into tough, leathery aponeurotic fibres
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18
Q

Below the external oblqiue muscles, what is the next layer muscle we come across/

A
  • internal oblqiues
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19
Q

What direction do the internal oblique muscles of the abdomne run?

A
  • downwards and backwads
  • appears like putting your hand in your back pockets
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20
Q

What is the movement the internal obliques facilitate?

A
  • flexion and rotation of the trunk
  • compresses the viscera
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21
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominas?

A
  • compresses and supports viscera
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22
Q

What direction do the transverse abdominas muscle run in?

A
  • laterally
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23
Q

What do the aponeurotic tissues of the internal obliques and transverse abdominas eventually cover?

A
  • rectus abdominas
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24
Q

What is the most outer layer of the abdominal muscle wall?

A
  • rectus abdominas
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25
Q

What action does the rectus abdominas facilitate?

A
  • flexus the trunk
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26
Q

Why do the abdominal muscles run in different ways?

A
  • help provide tough layer
  • help with movement
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27
Q

What is the rectus sheath on the rectus abdominis?

A
  • a aponeurotic tendon sheath
  • encloses rectus abdominis
  • it extends from abdominal muscles below rectus abdominis
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28
Q

Weakness of the abdominal wall can cause a very type of pain, what pain is this?

A
  • lower back pain
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29
Q

What is a hernia?

A
  • weakness of abdominal wall
  • internal organs can push through abdominal wall
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30
Q

What is rectus diastasis?

A
  • weakening of the abdominal muscles
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31
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the foregut?

A
  • coeliac artery
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32
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the midgut?

A
  • superior mesentric artery
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33
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the hindgut?

A
  • inferior mesenteric artery
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34
Q

What are the main organs contained within the foregut?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • pancrease
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • duodenum of SI
35
Q

What are the main organs contained within the midgut?

A
  • Duodenum of SI
  • small intestine (distal 2/3 duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • caecum & appendix
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon (proximal. 2/3rd
36
Q

What are the main organs contained within the hindgut?

A
  • transverse colon (Lft/distal 1/3rd)
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anal Canal
37
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the GIT?

A
  • serous (outer layer)
  • muscular
  • mucosa
38
Q

What letter of the alphabet does the stomach look like, and what are the 3 main sections of the stomach?

A
  • letter J

1 - fundus

2 - body

3 - pyloric

39
Q

What is the most dilated part of the GIT?

A
  • stomach
40
Q

What is the name of the part of the SI where the stomach attaches/

A
  • duodenum
41
Q

What are the 2 methods by which the stomach can faciltate digestion?

A
  • mechanical contractions
  • chemical (pH and enzymes)
42
Q

What are the cardiac and pyloric orifice?

A
  • cardiac orifice = continuous of oesophagus and stomach
  • pyloric orifice = continuous of stomach and duodenum
43
Q

What are the 3 regions of the SI from top to bottom?

A

1 - duodenum (connects to stomach)

2 - jejunum

3 - ileum (connects to colon)

44
Q

What is the ileocaecal junction?

A
  • where ileum and colon connect
45
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the SI?

A
  • digestion
  • absorption
46
Q

What does retroperitonal mean?

A
  • anatomical space behind peritoneal
47
Q

What are the 4 regions of the duodenum?

A

1 - superior

2 - descending

3 - horizontal

4 - ascending

48
Q

What is important about the descending region of the duodenum?

A
  • opening for pancreatic duct
  • bile duct opening
49
Q

What facilitates absorption in the SI?

A
  • villi and microvillia
  • finger like projections to increase surface area
50
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • a serous membrane
  • lines the abdominal cavity
  • composed of a layer of mesothelium
  • mesothelium secrete serrous fluid
51
Q

Why does the SI not move around lots when we stand up and move around?

A
  • attached to posterior peritoneum
52
Q

What are the regions of the large intestines from top to bottom?

A

1 - cecum

2 -ascending

3 - transverse

4 - descending

5 - sigmoid and caecum

53
Q

What is the main functions of the large intestines?

A
  • absorption of water
  • forms and expels faeces
54
Q

The junction where the ascending and transverse colon meet is called the hepatic flexure, why is this?

A
  • anatomically relevent to the liver
55
Q

The junction where the transverse and descending colon meet is called the splenic flexure, why is this?

A
  • highest point of the colon
56
Q

What stops us from passing stool uncontrollably out of our rectums?

A
  • anal sphincters
57
Q

What are 2 of the main causes of gastric and duodenum ulcers?

A
  • bacteria and drugs are the main causes
58
Q

What is a volvus in the SI?

A
  • a blockage of the SI
  • SI twists around on itself
59
Q

Where can gall bladder pain be referred to?

A
  • shoulder pain
  • generally on the right
60
Q

Where can pancreatic and appendix pain be referred to?

A
  • umbilicus
61
Q

The abdominal aorta provides blood to the abdomen. What are the 3 main artery branches to the gut?

A

1 – coeliac artery / trunk

2 – superior mesenteric artery

3 – inferior mesenteric artery

62
Q

Which vertebrae does the coelic artery arise from?

A
  • from the aorta at T12/L1 Level
63
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the coelic artery?

A

1 - left gastric (to stomach)

2 - splenic (to spleen)

3 - hepatic (to liver)

64
Q

is there a corresponding coeliac vein?

A
  • no
65
Q

What are the 4 main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

1 - jejunal and ileal branches

2 - middle colic (supplies transverse colon)

3 - right colic (supplies the ascending colon)

4 - ileocaecal (ileum and caecum meet)

66
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • left colic (supplies descending colon)
  • sigmoid
  • superior rectal
67
Q

What is the basic flow of the lymphatics from the peripheral to central lymphatic ducts?

A
  • local lymph nodes
  • regional lymph nodes
  • central lymph nodes
  • lymphatic ducts
  • drainage into venous blood
68
Q

How are local lymph nodes given their names?

A
  • according to the part of GIT they are found
69
Q

How are regional lymph nodes given their names?

A
  • based on the artery that supplies them
70
Q

How are central lymph nodes given their names?

A
  • based on parent artery
71
Q

What system provides nerve stimulus to the GIT

A
  • autonomic system
72
Q

Which nerve provides parasympathic stimulation to the GIT?

A
  • vagal nerve
73
Q

How is sympathic stimulation supplied to the GIT?

A

-sympathetic chain

74
Q

Which vertebrae in the thoracic sympathetic trunk supply the foregut, midgut and lower gut?

A
  • foregut = greater splanchinic (T5-9)
  • midgut = lesser splanchinic (T9-10/11)
  • hindgut = least/lowest (T11-12/L1)
75
Q

Which veins and arteries supply the hindgut?

A
  • inferior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric vein
76
Q

Which veins and arteries supply the midgut?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • superior mesenteric vein
77
Q

Which veins and arteries supply the foregut?

A
  • celiac trunk artery
  • portal vein
78
Q

What are the lymphatics that supply the foregut?

A
  • celiac nodes
79
Q

What are the lymphatics that supply the midgut?

A
  • mesenteric lymph nodes
80
Q

What are the lymphatics that supply the hindgut ?

A
  • mesenteric lymph nodes
81
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the foregut come up?

A
  • sympathetic - celiac ganglia
  • parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
82
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the midgut come up?

A
  • sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia
  • parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
83
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the hindgut come up?

A
  • sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia
  • parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic

NME Emma copy and edit (61 decks)

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