Contents of the Abdomen Flashcards
What are the 3 main components of the GIT above the diapgrahm?
1 - oral cavity
2 - pharynx
3 - oesophagus
What are the 3 main components of the GIT below the diapgrahm?
1 - stomach
2 - small intestines
3 - large intestines
What are the 4 main components of the oral cavity?
1 - teeth (mechanical digestion)
2 - palate (blocks nasal cavity and swallowing)
3 - tongue (mixing of food and swallowing)
4 - salivary glands (secretion of saliva and digestion)
What is the main function of the oesophagus?
- direct food to lower GI
When dividing the abdomen into quarters, what anatomical land mark would you use?
- umbilicus (belly button)
What lies within the upper right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?
- right lobe of the liver
- gall bladder
- duodenum (first part of SI)
- head of Pancreas
- hepatic flexure of colon
- small part of ascending and transverse colon
What lies within the upper left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?
- stomach
- spleen
- left lobe of liver
- body of pancreas
- splenic flexure of colon
- part of transverse and descending colon
What lies within the lower left quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?
- small intestine
- descending colon
- sigmoid Colon
What lies within the lower right quadrant if we divide the abdomen into quatres from the umbilicus?
- cecum
- appendix
- ascending colon
- small intestine
What are the 3 cavities anteriorly?
1 - pelvic
2 - abdomen
3 - thoracic
What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?
- costal margin-superior
- hip bones-inferior
- lumbar vertebrae-posterior
- abdominal muscles-anterolateral
What are the 5 layers that make up the anterolateral wall of the abdomen?
1 - skin
2 - superficial fascia
3 - muscles
4 - deep fascia
5 - peritoneum (parietal and visceral)
What is aponeurosis?
- connective tissue
- provides point for muscle to attach to bone or cartilage
What are the 4 layers of the abdominal muscle wall?
1 - external obliques
2 - internal obliques
3 - transverse abdominas
4 - rectus abdominas
What is the function of the external oblique muscles abdominal muscle wall?
- work with internal obliques
- movement of the trunk
What direction do the external oblique muscles of the abdominal muscle wall run?
- run down towards front pockets]
- like putting hands in the pockets
If we move laterally to medial on the abdominal wall, what do the external obliques become instead of just muscle?
- turn into tough, leathery aponeurotic fibres
Below the external oblqiue muscles, what is the next layer muscle we come across/
- internal oblqiues
What direction do the internal oblique muscles of the abdomne run?
- downwards and backwads
- appears like putting your hand in your back pockets
What is the movement the internal obliques facilitate?
- flexion and rotation of the trunk
- compresses the viscera
What is the function of the transverse abdominas?
- compresses and supports viscera
What direction do the transverse abdominas muscle run in?
- laterally
What do the aponeurotic tissues of the internal obliques and transverse abdominas eventually cover?
- rectus abdominas
What is the most outer layer of the abdominal muscle wall?
- rectus abdominas
What action does the rectus abdominas facilitate?
- flexus the trunk
Why do the abdominal muscles run in different ways?
- help provide tough layer
- help with movement
What is the rectus sheath on the rectus abdominis?
- a aponeurotic tendon sheath
- encloses rectus abdominis
- it extends from abdominal muscles below rectus abdominis
Weakness of the abdominal wall can cause a very type of pain, what pain is this?
- lower back pain
What is a hernia?
- weakness of abdominal wall
- internal organs can push through abdominal wall
What is rectus diastasis?
- weakening of the abdominal muscles
What is the main artery that supplies the foregut?
- coeliac artery
What is the main artery that supplies the midgut?
- superior mesentric artery
What is the main artery that supplies the hindgut?
- inferior mesenteric artery
What are the main organs contained within the foregut?
- liver
- spleen
- pancrease
- oesophagus
- stomach
- duodenum of SI
What are the main organs contained within the midgut?
- Duodenum of SI
- small intestine (distal 2/3 duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
- caecum & appendix
- ascending colon
- transverse colon (proximal. 2/3rd
What are the main organs contained within the hindgut?
- transverse colon (Lft/distal 1/3rd)
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal Canal
What are the 3 main layers of the GIT?
- serous (outer layer)
- muscular
- mucosa
What letter of the alphabet does the stomach look like, and what are the 3 main sections of the stomach?
- letter J
1 - fundus
2 - body
3 - pyloric
What is the most dilated part of the GIT?
- stomach
What is the name of the part of the SI where the stomach attaches/
- duodenum
What are the 2 methods by which the stomach can faciltate digestion?
- mechanical contractions
- chemical (pH and enzymes)
What are the cardiac and pyloric orifice?
- cardiac orifice = continuous of oesophagus and stomach
- pyloric orifice = continuous of stomach and duodenum
What are the 3 regions of the SI from top to bottom?
1 - duodenum (connects to stomach)
2 - jejunum
3 - ileum (connects to colon)
What is the ileocaecal junction?
- where ileum and colon connect
What are the 2 main functions of the SI?
- digestion
- absorption
What does retroperitonal mean?
- anatomical space behind peritoneal
What are the 4 regions of the duodenum?
1 - superior
2 - descending
3 - horizontal
4 - ascending
What is important about the descending region of the duodenum?
- opening for pancreatic duct
- bile duct opening
What facilitates absorption in the SI?
- villi and microvillia
- finger like projections to increase surface area
What is the peritoneum?
- a serous membrane
- lines the abdominal cavity
- composed of a layer of mesothelium
- mesothelium secrete serrous fluid
Why does the SI not move around lots when we stand up and move around?
- attached to posterior peritoneum
What are the regions of the large intestines from top to bottom?
1 - cecum
2 -ascending
3 - transverse
4 - descending
5 - sigmoid and caecum
What is the main functions of the large intestines?
- absorption of water
- forms and expels faeces
The junction where the ascending and transverse colon meet is called the hepatic flexure, why is this?
- anatomically relevent to the liver
The junction where the transverse and descending colon meet is called the splenic flexure, why is this?
- highest point of the colon
What stops us from passing stool uncontrollably out of our rectums?
- anal sphincters
What are 2 of the main causes of gastric and duodenum ulcers?
- bacteria and drugs are the main causes
What is a volvus in the SI?
- a blockage of the SI
- SI twists around on itself
Where can gall bladder pain be referred to?
- shoulder pain
- generally on the right
Where can pancreatic and appendix pain be referred to?
- umbilicus
The abdominal aorta provides blood to the abdomen. What are the 3 main artery branches to the gut?
1 – coeliac artery / trunk
2 – superior mesenteric artery
3 – inferior mesenteric artery
Which vertebrae does the coelic artery arise from?
- from the aorta at T12/L1 Level
What are the 3 main branches of the coelic artery?
1 - left gastric (to stomach)
2 - splenic (to spleen)
3 - hepatic (to liver)
is there a corresponding coeliac vein?
- no
What are the 4 main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
1 - jejunal and ileal branches
2 - middle colic (supplies transverse colon)
3 - right colic (supplies the ascending colon)
4 - ileocaecal (ileum and caecum meet)
What are the 3 main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
- left colic (supplies descending colon)
- sigmoid
- superior rectal
What is the basic flow of the lymphatics from the peripheral to central lymphatic ducts?
- local lymph nodes
- regional lymph nodes
- central lymph nodes
- lymphatic ducts
- drainage into venous blood
How are local lymph nodes given their names?
- according to the part of GIT they are found
How are regional lymph nodes given their names?
- based on the artery that supplies them
How are central lymph nodes given their names?
- based on parent artery
What system provides nerve stimulus to the GIT
- autonomic system
Which nerve provides parasympathic stimulation to the GIT?
- vagal nerve
How is sympathic stimulation supplied to the GIT?
-sympathetic chain
Which vertebrae in the thoracic sympathetic trunk supply the foregut, midgut and lower gut?
- foregut = greater splanchinic (T5-9)
- midgut = lesser splanchinic (T9-10/11)
- hindgut = least/lowest (T11-12/L1)
Which veins and arteries supply the hindgut?
- inferior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric vein
Which veins and arteries supply the midgut?
- superior mesenteric artery
- superior mesenteric vein
Which veins and arteries supply the foregut?
- celiac trunk artery
- portal vein
What are the lymphatics that supply the foregut?
- celiac nodes
What are the lymphatics that supply the midgut?
- mesenteric lymph nodes
What are the lymphatics that supply the hindgut ?
- mesenteric lymph nodes
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the foregut come up?
- sympathetic - celiac ganglia
- parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the midgut come up?
- sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia
- parasympathetic - vaguse nerve
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation for the hindgut come up?
- sympathetic - mesenteric ganglia
- parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic
