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Nutrition > Nutrition - Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Nutrition - Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins - are they essential or non-essential?

A

Essential!

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2
Q

Vitamins are tasteless/have taste and inorganic/organic?

A

Tasteless/organic.

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3
Q

Vitamins are either ___ soluble or ___ soluble.

A

Fat or water.

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4
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins and what does it mean?

A

D-E-A-K. It means that are absorbed with dietary fat and can be stored in body - excesses can be harmful.

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5
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins and what does it mean?

A

B’s and C. They are absorbed with water and enter bloodstream directly. They are not stored in the body, but excesses can still be harmful.

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6
Q

Some vitamins function as antioxidants - T/F?

A

True!

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7
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

They neutralize free radicals. It also means they are anti-oxidation things….so no oxidation! Which we know is bad!

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8
Q

What are free radicals?

A

unstable, oxygen containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body.

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9
Q

What are the antioxidant vitamins?

A

A,C,E and beta carotene.

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10
Q

Vitamins differ in _______, which is the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body.

A

Bio availability.

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11
Q

Vitamins can be destroyed by air, water, or eat. T/F?

A

True!

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12
Q

Provitamins can be converted to ____ by the body.

A

Vitamins!

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13
Q

Vitamin A - what is it made up of? (Starts with R.)

A

Retinoids (retinol, retinal, reinoic acid.)

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14
Q

Preformed vitamin A only found in ____.

A

Animal foods.

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15
Q

Some plants contain provitamin A carotenoids, which are converted to Retinol in the body. T/F?

A

True!

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16
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin A?

A

Essential for healthy eyes, involved in cell differentiation, reproduction, and immunity by promoting gene expression for healthy skin, mucus membranes, bone growth, fetal development, white blood cells to fight harmful bacteria.

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17
Q

Excessive amounts of Vitamin A can accumulate to toxic levels. T/F ?

A

True!

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18
Q

Carotenoids in food are toxic. T/F ?

A

False - they are not toxic!

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19
Q

Chronic Vitamin A deficiency causes ___ ___.

A

Night blindness.

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20
Q

Prolonged Vitamin A deficiency leads to _____

A

Xerophthalmia, the number one cause of preventable blindness in children.

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21
Q

Vitamin A deficiency also associated with ___ of bones.

A

Stunting.

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22
Q

What is the most active form of vitamin E in the body?

A

Alpha-tocopherol.

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23
Q

What does vitamin E do?

A

Protects cell membranes, prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol, etc.

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24
Q

Vitamin E - acts as an anticoagulant. T/F?

A

True!

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25
Q

No known ___ of too much natural vitamin E, but too much synthetic can cause ___

A

risk/hemorrhaging.

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26
Q

Vitamin K - what are the two forms?

A

Menaquinone (synthesized by intestinal bacteria) and Phylloquinone (found in green plants.)

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27
Q

What is Vitamin K essential for?

A

Essential for blood clotting and important for bone health.

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28
Q

There is a known problem with consuming too much Vitamin K from foods or supplements. T/F?

A

False - there is no known problem!

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29
Q

People who have a problem absorbing ___ should be mindful of a Vitamin K deficiency.

A

fat.

30
Q

Vitamin D is made in the ___ with the help of sunlight (UV.)

A

body.

31
Q

Vitamin D - inactive form converted to circulating form in ___, to active form in ___.

A

Liver/Kidneys.

32
Q

Vitamin D - active form acts as a ___.

A

Hormone.

33
Q

Vitamin D - regulates __ and ___.

A

Calcium/phosphorus.

34
Q

Vitamin D - may prevent diabetes and some cancers. T/F?

A

True!

35
Q

Vitamin D - food sources.

A

Fortified milk and yogurt, fortified cereals, fatty fish, etc.

36
Q

Vitamin D- too much may lead to…

A

hypervitaminosis D, which causes hyperglycemia, which damages kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, heart, etc.

37
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency in children.

38
Q

Osteomalacia - what is it?

A

Adult equivalent of Rickets.

39
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. T/F?

A

False - they are not stored in the body!

40
Q

B Vitamins share common role as ____.

A

Co-enzymes.

41
Q

Thiamin (b1) - First vitamin discovered. T/F?

A

True!

42
Q

What does Thiamin (B1) do?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses, metabolism of carbs and certain amino acids, and plays a role in breakdown of alcohol in the body.

43
Q

Beriberi - what is it?

A

Thiamin deficiency.

44
Q

Chronic Alcohol abuse can lead to….

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is from thiamin deficiency. It’s the one where you essentially lose your mind!

45
Q

Roboflavin (b2) - __ sensitive vitamin, abundant in ___.

A

Light sensitive/milk.

46
Q

What is riboflavin important for?

A

Energy metabolism, keeps cells healthy, enhances functions of other B vitamins.

47
Q

Ribo - where do we get it?

A

Milk, yogurt, enriched cereals and grains.

48
Q

Too much ribo - excreted in…

A

urine.

49
Q

Niacin (b3) - what are the active forms?

A

Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide.

50
Q

What are the functions of Niacin?

A

needed for energy metabolism and to synthesize fat and cholesterol and keep skin cells and digestive system healthy.

51
Q

Where do we get Niacin from?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, enriched whole grains, etc.

52
Q

Pellagra - def

A

niacin deficiency disease - Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death.

53
Q

What are the active forms of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.

54
Q

What does Vitamin B6 do?

A

Coenzyme. think immune/nervous system, metabolism, etc.

55
Q

Where do we get Vitamin B6 from?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals, nuts, legumes, peanut butter, many fruits and veggies, etc.

56
Q

Folic Acid - vital for ___ synthesis.

A

DNA

57
Q

Folate deficiency during pregnancy can result in…

A

neural tube defects.

58
Q

Folate can mask ___ anemia.

A

Macrosidic.

59
Q

Folate comes from…

A

leafy greens, enriched grains, etc.

60
Q

Vitamin B 12 - also called….

A

cobalamine.

61
Q

Vitamin b12 - requires __ __ in order to be absorbed in the small intestine.

A

Intrinsic factor.

62
Q

B12 - makes ___.

A

DNA.

63
Q

Naturally occurring b12 only found in animal foods. T/F?

A

True!

64
Q

B12 Deficiency - can cause….

A

Macrocytic Anemia.

65
Q

Vitamin C - also known as…

A

ascorbic acid.

66
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A

Coenzyme to synthesize and use certain amino acids.

67
Q

Vitamin C - needed to make ___.

A

Collagen.

68
Q

Vitamin C - breaks down ___, a cause of inflammation.

A

Histamine.

69
Q

What are the daily needs for Vitamin C?

A

Men - 90mg/day

Women - 75 mg/day.

70
Q

Where do we get Vitamin C?

A

Fruits and veggies.

71
Q

What is the Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy!

72
Q

FDA approval not required for ingredients in use prior to 1994. T/F?

A

True!

Nutrition (12 decks)

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