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Nutrition > Nutrition - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Nutrition - Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Proteios - meaning

A

Prime Importance

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2
Q

There are two kinds of proteins -

A

working (enzymes, antibodies, transport vehicles, hormones, oxygen carriers) and structural (cores of bones/teeth, filaments of hair, tendons, fibers of muscle, materials of nails.

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3
Q

Protein is the primary material of life. T/F?!

A

True!

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4
Q

Complete protein -

A

animal, meat, dairy, etc.

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5
Q

Proteins - def

A

the predominant structural and functional materials in every cell.

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6
Q

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and…..

A

nitrogen.

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7
Q

Each amino acid contains…(3)

A

Acid group (COOH), Amine group (Nh2), side chain.

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8
Q

All proteins consist of some combination of…

A

20 unique amino acids.

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9
Q

There are ___ essential amino acids and this means that…

A

Nine/cannot be made by the body and must be taken in through food.

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10
Q

There are ___ nonessential amino acids that ___

A

11/can be made by the body.

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11
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids - def

A

under certain conditions, some nonessential amino acids cannot be made in body.

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12
Q

Denaturation - def

A

the alteration (unfolding) of a protein’s shape, which changes the structure/function of the protein, like..cooking meat, eggs, etc.

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13
Q

Dietary proteins are digested and absorbed …….

A

in stomach and small intestine.

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14
Q

Stomach acids denature protein and activate….

A

pepsin.

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15
Q

In the small intestine, ____ broken down into….

A

polypeptides/tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.

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16
Q

Amino acids come from…(3)

A

Diet/Breakdown of proteins in the body/limited supply is stored in amino acid pools

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17
Q

Protein Turnover - def

A

process of continuous breakdown and synthesis of protein from its amino acids.

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18
Q

Greater than ____ grams of protein turned over daily.

A

200 grams.

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19
Q

Amino acids can be used to make…(2)

A

Body proteins & non protein substances.

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20
Q

After amine groups removed in proteins, they are converted to….

A

urea.

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21
Q

DNA instructs protein synthesis. T/F?

A

True!

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22
Q

Gene - def

A

DNA segment that codes for specific proteins.

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23
Q

Specialized ____ molecules carry out instructions for protein synthesis.

A

RNA

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24
Q

Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA perform…

A

very specific roles during protein synthesis.

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25
Q

Protein story is…..

A

circular!

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26
Q

Protein story - circular - steps? (6)

A

Person eats proteins, proteins broken down into Amino Acids, AA enter body cells where new proteins are formed in long chain sequences, Chains twist & fold & coil forming a new protein, proteins are broke apart & put together - billions reactions day by day, this repeats and life goes on!

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27
Q

Sickle-cell anemia - def

A

red blood cells with normal hemoglobin, like the three similar ones, are smooth and round. With SCA, they look like moons - low oxygen, etc.

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28
Q

Proteins provide ___ and ___ and help maintain body tissues.

A

structural/mechanical.

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29
Q

Collagen - def

A

a rope-like fibrous protein that is the most abundant protein in your body.

30
Q

Connective tissue - def

A

the most abundant tissue type in the body; made up primarily of collagen, it supports and connects body parts as well as provides protection and insulation.

31
Q

Proteins build __ and ___.

A

enzymes and hormones.

32
Q

Proteins help maintain ____ balance.

A

acid-base.

33
Q

Buffers - def

A

substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution by attracting or donating hydrogen ions.

34
Q

Proteins ___ substances throughout the body.

A

transport.

35
Q

Transport proteins shuttle….

A

oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins, and sodium and potassium through your blood and into and out of cells through cell membranes.

36
Q

Proteins contribute to a healthy immune system. T/F?

A

True!

37
Q

Proteins can/cannot provide energy.

A

Can!

38
Q

Protein improves satiety and appetite control. T/F?

A

True!

39
Q

Protein quality determined by two factors -

A

Digestibility/Amino Acid Profile.

40
Q

complete protein - def

A

provides all essential amino acids; animal, soy, etc.

41
Q

Incomplete protein - def

A

low in one or more of essential amino acids - plant.

42
Q

Limiting Amino Acid - def

A

amino acid in shortest supply in incomplete protein.

43
Q

Complemented proteins - def

A

incomplete proteins combined to create complete proteins.

44
Q

Plant proteins “upgraded” to complete proteins by…

A

consuming modest amounts of soy or animal protein, or being complemented with other plant proteins which provide enough of the limiting amino acid.

45
Q

Black beans and rice make a …

A

complete protein!

46
Q

Healthy adults should be in…

A

nitrogen balance.

47
Q

High nitrogen is caused by…..

A

pregnancy, etc.

48
Q

Low nitrogen - if you are…

A

sick.

49
Q

Nitrogen balance - def

A

amount of protein consumed = amount of protein used.

50
Q

Protein DRI -

A

10-35% of daily calories.

51
Q

Convert your weight to KG’s by taking…

A

your weight, in pounds, divided by 2.2.

52
Q

.8 grams of protein of body weight needed daily. T/F?

A

True

53
Q

Eating too much protein can….

A

increase risk of heart disease, kidney stones, and calcium loss from bones.

54
Q

Low protein diets can cause….

A

loss of bone mass.

55
Q

Protein Energy Malnutrition - def

A

inadequate calories and/or protein.

56
Q

Kwashiorkor - def

A

severe deficiency of dietary protein.

57
Q

Signs of Kwashiorkor -

A

edema, muscle loss, skin rashes, hair changes, water and electrolyte imbalances. Kids with big tummy’s.

58
Q

Marasmus - def

A

severe deficiency of calories. -

59
Q

Signs of marasmus -

A

emaciation, lack of growth, loss of fat stores.

60
Q

Marasmic Kwashiorkor - def

A

worst of both conditions.

61
Q

Malnutrition - some info.

A

everyday, 17000 children around the world die because of limited access to food. 6 Million die annually. These children have PEM.

62
Q

Medical Care and treatment for PEM - 3 steps.

A
  1. Address life threatening issues such as dehydration, fluid and nutrition imbalances.
  2. Restore depleted tissues by giving dense calories and high-quality protein.
  3. Transition person to foods and introduce physical activity.
63
Q

The only success way to cure PEM is to….

A

eradicate it.

64
Q

Vegetarians cannot meet protein needs - T/F?

A

FALSE. They can! They just have to eat a variety of plant foods, etc.

65
Q

Semivegetarians eat meat on…

A

occassion.

66
Q

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians do not eat…

A

meat, fish, and poultry.

67
Q

Lacto-vegetarians do not eat…

A

meat, fish, poultry, and eggs.

68
Q

Ovo-vegetarians do not eat…

A

meat, fish, dairy, foods.

69
Q

Vegans do not eat…

A

any animal foods, meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods, eggs.

70
Q

What are some benefits of a vegetarian diet?

A

May reduce risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, cancer, stroke, and obesity.

71
Q

Risks of a vegetarian diet -

A

protein deficiencies of nutrients found in animal foods - like protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamins B12 and A, omega 3 fatty acids…

72
Q

Benefits of Soy -

A

high quality protein source, low in saturated fat, contains isoflavones - a phytoestrogen (which may have anit-cancer functions, may relieve menopausal symptoms), lowers blood cholesterol levels, and may reduce risk of heart disease…

Nutrition (12 decks)

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