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MK ACVD Exam > Nutrition and nutritional disorders > Flashcards

Nutrition and nutritional disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential fatty acids in cats?

A

Arachidonic acid
linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid

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2
Q

What are the essential fatty acids in dogs?

A

Linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid

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3
Q

What% of daily protein requirement is consumed by hair growth?

A

25-30%

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4
Q

SND/NME serves as a marker for which neoplastic condition in humans?

A

alpha-2 glucagon-producing islet cell tumor of the pancreas

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5
Q

True or false: Dogs with SND should be fed a protein-restricted diet

A

False

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6
Q

Which fatty acid is metabolized into PGE2?

A

Arachidonic acid

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7
Q

What is the omega-3 EFA in dogs?

A

alpha-linolenic acid

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8
Q

Which fatty acids produce less inflammatory eicosanoids?

A

Omega-3 FA

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9
Q

Which fatty acids produce more inflammatory eicosanoids?

A

Omega-6 FA

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10
Q

Which type of FA are EPA and DHA?

A

Omega-3

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11
Q

Name 3 food sources that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids

A

Fish/fish oils
Flaxseed oil
Green leafy vegetables

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12
Q

What foods are rich in omega-6 FA?

A

Vegetables/vegetable oils
Seeds
Safflower oil

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13
Q

What enzyme is lacking in cats that prevents the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid?

A

Delta-6-desaturase

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14
Q

What dog breed is predisposed to vitamin-A responsive dermatosis?

A

American Cocker Spaniels

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15
Q

A cat is presented with dry, scaly skin, lethargy, and unkempt coat. The owner has been feeding the cat fresh liver. What is the likely cause of the clinical signs?

A

Hypervitaminosis A

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16
Q

Which species are unable to synthesize vitamin D in the skin?

A

Dogs
Cats

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17
Q

Which species are able to synthesize vitamin D in the skin?

A

Humans
Cattle
Sheep
Horses
Rats
Pigs

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18
Q

Where does the second hydroxylation reaction occur in vitamin D synthesis?

A

Kidney

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19
Q

Where does the first hydroxylation reaction occur in vitamin D synthesis?

A

liver

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20
Q

What is another name for vitamin D3?

A

Cholecalciferol

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21
Q

In animals that are able to synthesize vitamin D in the skin, what does UVB light act upon to start the pathway?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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22
Q

What enzymes convert cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and where does this occur?

A

CYP2R1 and CYP27A1
Occurs in liver

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23
Q

What is the primary circulating form of vitamin D?

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH]D)

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24
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D)

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25
Q

What enzymes convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D to calcitriol and where does this occur?

A

CYP27B1 (1-alpha-hydroxylase)
CYP24A1 (24-alpha-hydroxylase)
Occurs in kidney

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26
Q

What is the main food source of vitamin D?

A

Animal proteins
Mushrooms

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27
Q

What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D synthesis?

A

Stimulatory via upregulating 1-alpha-hydroxylase

28
Q

What is the effect of phosphorus on vitamin D synthesis?

A

Inhibitory via downregulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase

29
Q

What is the effect of calcium on vitamin D synthesis?

A

Inhibitory via downregulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase

30
Q

What is the effect of vitamin D on calcium and phosphorus?

A

Stimulates their absorption from the GIT and kidney

31
Q

What nutrient is deficient in Rickets?

A

Vitamin D

32
Q

What nutrient deficiency causes pansteatitis in cats?

A

Vitamin E

33
Q

What can destroy vitamin E in food, resulting in the potential for a vitamin E deficiency?

A

Increased unsaturated fatty acids (these are susceptible to peroxidation –> free radical generation –> vitamin E depletion)

34
Q

What are the most commonly reported dietary causes of feline pansteatitis?

A

Excess cod liver oil
Red tuna-exclusive diet

35
Q

A cat is presented with multiple firm SQ nodules on the abdomen. The owner has been feeding red tuna. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Pansteatitis

36
Q

What is another name for thiamine?

A

Vitamin B1

37
Q

What is another name for vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin

38
Q

What is another name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

39
Q

What is another name for vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

40
Q

Which vitamin is essential for normal collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

41
Q

What condition is caused by vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

42
Q

What vitamin antagonizes histamine?

A

Vitamin C

43
Q

What species cannot synthesize vitamin C (i.e. need it in the diet)?

A

Humans/primates
Guinea Pigs

44
Q

Is vitamin C required in the diet of dogs or cats?

A

No (can synthesize it)

45
Q

What enzyme converts precursors into vitamin C?

A

Gulonolactone oxidase

46
Q

What mineral is necessary for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin?

A

Copper (lysyl oxidase requires it)

47
Q

A deficiency in which mineral can lead to loss of hair pigment and can cause a “spectacled” appearance around the eyes of cattle?

A

Copper (tyrosine dependent on this)

48
Q

A dog is eating a heavily cereal-based diet. What clinical signs are likely to be observed and why?

A

Clinical signs consistent with zinc-responsive dermatosis
Excessive phytates –> antagonize zinc absorption

49
Q

What mineral antagonizes the absorption of zinc?

A

Calcium

50
Q

What breeds are predisposed to zinc-responsive dermatosis?

A

Alaskan Malamutes
Huskies
Samoyeds

51
Q

What form of zinc-responsive dermatosis is the familial form?

A

Syndrome I

52
Q

What form of zinc-responsive dermatosis is due to a diet low in zinc?

A

Syndrome II

53
Q

What breed is predisposed to lethal acrodermatitis?

A

Bull Terriers

54
Q

What gene is mutated in lethal acrodermatitis in bull terriers?

A

MKLN1

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of lethal acrodermatitis?

A

Poor suckling
Splaying of digits
Stunted growth
Paw pad/interdigital hyperkeratosis
Muzzle and pinnal ulceration

56
Q

What mineral works with vitamin E to provide antioxidant functions?

A

Selenium

57
Q

What mineral is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Iodine

58
Q

What is an essential amino acid in cats?

A

taurine

59
Q

What % of daily protein requirement is utilized by keratinization?

A

25-30%

60
Q

What amino acids are decreased in SND?

A

Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Proline
Threonine
Valine

61
Q

What drug has been associated with development of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

A

Phenobarbital

62
Q

What percent of metabolizable energy from protein should be targeted when treating a dog with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

A

50%

63
Q

What vitamins can be toxic if given in excess?

A

A
D
E
Niacin
Biotin

64
Q

What enzyme is lacking in cats, preventing the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene 15,15’ dioxygenase
Require pre-formed vitamin A in the diet

65
Q

How does vitamin A toxicity often occur in cats?

A

Feeding high-liver diets

66
Q

What is the typical distribution of lesions in vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

A

Chest
Abdomen

67
Q

What gene mutation is responsible for bovine hereditary zinc deficiency?

A

Lethal trait A 46

MK ACVD Exam (17 decks)

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