Nutrition and nutritional disorders

Question 1

What are the essential fatty acids in cats?

Answer 1

Arachidonic acid
linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid

Question 2

What are the essential fatty acids in dogs?

Answer 2

Linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid

Question 3

What% of daily protein requirement is consumed by hair growth?

Answer 3

25-30%

Question 4

SND/NME serves as a marker for which neoplastic condition in humans?

Answer 4

alpha-2 glucagon-producing islet cell tumor of the pancreas

Question 5

True or false: Dogs with SND should be fed a protein-restricted diet

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Which fatty acid is metabolized into PGE2?

Answer 6

Arachidonic acid

Question 7

What is the omega-3 EFA in dogs?

Answer 7

alpha-linolenic acid

Question 8

Which fatty acids produce less inflammatory eicosanoids?

Answer 8

Omega-3 FA

Question 9

Which fatty acids produce more inflammatory eicosanoids?

Answer 9

Omega-6 FA

Question 10

Which type of FA are EPA and DHA?

Answer 10

Omega-3

Question 11

Name 3 food sources that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 11

Fish/fish oils
Flaxseed oil
Green leafy vegetables

Question 12

What foods are rich in omega-6 FA?

Answer 12

Vegetables/vegetable oils
Seeds
Safflower oil

Question 13

What enzyme is lacking in cats that prevents the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid?

Answer 13

Delta-6-desaturase

Question 14

What dog breed is predisposed to vitamin-A responsive dermatosis?

Answer 14

American Cocker Spaniels

Question 15

A cat is presented with dry, scaly skin, lethargy, and unkempt coat. The owner has been feeding the cat fresh liver. What is the likely cause of the clinical signs?

Answer 15

Hypervitaminosis A

Question 16

Which species are unable to synthesize vitamin D in the skin?

Answer 16

Dogs
Cats

Question 17

Which species are able to synthesize vitamin D in the skin?

Answer 17

Humans
Cattle
Sheep
Horses
Rats
Pigs

Question 18

Where does the second hydroxylation reaction occur in vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 18

Kidney

Question 19

Where does the first hydroxylation reaction occur in vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

What is another name for vitamin D3?

Answer 20

Cholecalciferol

Question 21

In animals that are able to synthesize vitamin D in the skin, what does UVB light act upon to start the pathway?

Answer 21

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 22

What enzymes convert cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and where does this occur?

Answer 22

CYP2R1 and CYP27A1
Occurs in liver

Question 23

What is the primary circulating form of vitamin D?

Answer 23

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH]D)

Question 24

What is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 24

Calcitriol: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D)

Question 25

What enzymes convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D to calcitriol and where does this occur?

Answer 25

CYP27B1 (1-alpha-hydroxylase) CYP24A1 (24-alpha-hydroxylase) Occurs in kidney

Question 26

What is the main food source of vitamin D?

Answer 26

Animal proteins Mushrooms

Question 27

What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 27

Stimulatory via upregulating 1-alpha-hydroxylase

Question 28

What is the effect of phosphorus on vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 28

Inhibitory via downregulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase

Question 29

What is the effect of calcium on vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 29

Inhibitory via downregulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase

Question 30

What is the effect of vitamin D on calcium and phosphorus?

Answer 30

Stimulates their absorption from the GIT and kidney

Question 31

What nutrient is deficient in Rickets?

Answer 31

Vitamin D

Question 32

What nutrient deficiency causes pansteatitis in cats?

Answer 32

Vitamin E

Question 33

What can destroy vitamin E in food, resulting in the potential for a vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 33

Increased unsaturated fatty acids (these are susceptible to peroxidation --> free radical generation --> vitamin E depletion)

Question 34

What are the most commonly reported dietary causes of feline pansteatitis?

Answer 34

Excess cod liver oil Red tuna-exclusive diet

Question 35

A cat is presented with multiple firm SQ nodules on the abdomen. The owner has been feeding red tuna. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 35

Pansteatitis

Question 36

What is another name for thiamine?

Answer 36

Vitamin B1

Question 37

What is another name for vitamin B2?

Answer 37

riboflavin

Question 38

What is another name for vitamin B3?

Answer 38

Niacin

Question 39

What is another name for vitamin B7?

Answer 39

Biotin

Question 40

Which vitamin is essential for normal collagen synthesis?

Answer 40

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Question 41

What condition is caused by vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 41

Scurvy

Question 42

What vitamin antagonizes histamine?

Answer 42

Vitamin C

Question 43

What species cannot synthesize vitamin C (i.e. need it in the diet)?

Answer 43

Humans/primates Guinea Pigs

Question 44

Is vitamin C required in the diet of dogs or cats?

Answer 44

No (can synthesize it)

Question 45

What enzyme converts precursors into vitamin C?

Answer 45

Gulonolactone oxidase

Question 46

What mineral is necessary for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin?

Answer 46

Copper (lysyl oxidase requires it)

Question 47

A deficiency in which mineral can lead to loss of hair pigment and can cause a "spectacled" appearance around the eyes of cattle?

Answer 47

Copper (tyrosine dependent on this)

Question 48

A dog is eating a heavily cereal-based diet. What clinical signs are likely to be observed and why?

Answer 48

Clinical signs consistent with zinc-responsive dermatosis Excessive phytates --> antagonize zinc absorption

Question 49

What mineral antagonizes the absorption of zinc?

Answer 49

Calcium

Question 50

What breeds are predisposed to zinc-responsive dermatosis?

Answer 50

Alaskan Malamutes Huskies Samoyeds

Question 51

What form of zinc-responsive dermatosis is the familial form?

Answer 51

Syndrome I

Question 52

What form of zinc-responsive dermatosis is due to a diet low in zinc?

Answer 52

Syndrome II

Question 53

What breed is predisposed to lethal acrodermatitis?

Answer 53

Bull Terriers

Question 54

What gene is mutated in lethal acrodermatitis in bull terriers?

Answer 54

MKLN1

Question 55

What are the clinical signs of lethal acrodermatitis?

Answer 55

Poor suckling Splaying of digits Stunted growth Paw pad/interdigital hyperkeratosis Muzzle and pinnal ulceration

Question 56

What mineral works with vitamin E to provide antioxidant functions?

Answer 56

Selenium

Question 57

What mineral is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 57

Iodine

Question 58

What is an essential amino acid in cats?

Answer 58

taurine

Question 59

What % of daily protein requirement is utilized by keratinization?

Answer 59

25-30%

Question 60

What amino acids are decreased in SND?

Answer 60

Arginine Leucine Lysine Methionine Proline Threonine Valine

Question 61

What drug has been associated with development of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

Answer 61

Phenobarbital

Question 62

What percent of metabolizable energy from protein should be targeted when treating a dog with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

Answer 62

50%

Question 63

What vitamins can be toxic if given in excess?

Answer 63

A D E Niacin Biotin

Question 64

What enzyme is lacking in cats, preventing the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A?

Answer 64

Beta-carotene 15,15' dioxygenase Require pre-formed vitamin A in the diet

Question 65

How does vitamin A toxicity often occur in cats?

Answer 65

Feeding high-liver diets

Question 66

What is the typical distribution of lesions in vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

Answer 66

Chest Abdomen

Question 67

What gene mutation is responsible for bovine hereditary zinc deficiency?

Answer 67

Lethal trait A 46