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MK ACVD Exam > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What factors stimulate monocyte differentiation into macrophages?

A

M-CSF
GM-CSF

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2
Q

What factors influence development of dendritic cells from CD34+ stem cells?

A

GM-CSF
SCF
TNF-a
IL-4
TGF-B1

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3
Q

What is the common progenitor cell of histiocytes?

A

CD34+ stem cells

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4
Q

What type of adhesion molecule is expressed by all leukocytes?

A

Beta 2 integrins (CD11/CD18)

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5
Q

What type of beta-2 integrin is expressed by Langerhans cells and interstitial dendritic cells?

A

CD11c

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6
Q

What beta-2 integrin is expressed by macrophages?

A

CD11b (and CD11d by macs in spleen/bone marrow)

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7
Q

What is expressed on the cell surface of Langerhans cells?

A

C-type lectin
Langerin

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8
Q

What tissue does not contain interstitial dendritic cells?

A

Brain

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9
Q

What markers are expressed by interstitial dendritic cells in the skin?

A

CD1a
CD11b
CD11c
MHC class II
CD90 (Thy-1)

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10
Q

What are the only cells that can activate naive T-cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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11
Q

Where are classical dendritic cells found?

A

Dermis

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12
Q

Name 4 stimulators of type 1 classical dendritic cells

A

dsRNA (TLR3)
LPS (TLR4)
flagellin (TLR5)
nucleic acids (TLR7/9)

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13
Q

What do type 1 classical dendritic cells express on their surface once activated?

A

MHC I

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14
Q

What cytokine do type 1 classical dendritic cells secrete once activated?

A

IL-12

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15
Q

What 2 cytokines suppress IFN-gamma production in the hair follicle and account for immune privilege in the follicle?

A

alpha-MSH
TGF-B1

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16
Q

What factors stimulate type 2 classical dendritic cells?

A

IL-10
TGF-a
histamine
PGE2
parasitic worms
LPS

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17
Q

Where are plasmacytoid dendritic cells found?

A

Bone marrow
Blood
Lymphoid organs

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18
Q

What are the primary stimulators of plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

viral nucleic acids

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19
Q

What cytokine is secreted in large amounts by plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

IFN-a (type I interferons)

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20
Q

What cells contain Birbeck granules?

A

Langerhans cells

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21
Q

What cytokines encourage Langerhans cells to migrate from the epidermis to the lymphatics?

A

TNF-a
IL-1Beta

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22
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Tylotrich pads
HF bulge

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23
Q

What happens to immature dendritic cells if they do not encounter antigens within a few days?

A

They die

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24
Q

What stimuli cause immature dendritic cells to mature?

A

IL-1
TNF-a
PAMPs
DAMPs

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25
Q

What type of MHC are exogenous antigens attached to?

A

MHC class II

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26
Q

What type of MHC are endogenous antigens attached to?

A

MHC class I

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27
Q

What type of T-cells are activated by IL-12 secretion from dendritic cells?

A

Th1

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28
Q

What type of T-cells are activated by IL-1 and IL-6 secretion from dendritic cells?

A

Th2

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29
Q

What TLRs are involved in dendritic cell activation of Th1 cells?

A

TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR7
TLR9

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30
Q

What TLRs are involved in dendritic cell activation of Th2 cells?

A

TLR1
TLR2
TLR6

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31
Q

What cytokine secreted by dendritic cells will activate Th17 cells?

A

IL-23

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32
Q

What type of T-cell will develop when IL-12 is absent?

A

Th2

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33
Q

What type of T-cell will develop when IL-12 is present?

A

Th1

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34
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of immune tolerance by dendritic cells?

A

T-cell anergy
Clonal deletion
Induction of Tregs

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35
Q

What are the IHC markers for Langerhans cells in dogs?

A

CD1c
CD11c
CD80
MHC-II

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36
Q

What is the relationship between # of Langerhans cells and atopy?

A

Langerhans cells are increased in dogs with atopy

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37
Q

What type of immunity is reliant on complement?

A

Innate

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38
Q

What IHC markers are expressed by T helper cells?

A

CD4+ (CD3+, CD8-)

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39
Q

What marker is expressed by cytotoxic T-cells?

A

CD8+ (CD4-, CD3+)

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40
Q

What factor is essential for mast cell development?

A

Stem cell factor (c-kit ligand)

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41
Q

Which MHC molecule presents antigens to CD4+ T-cells?

A

MHC II

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42
Q

Which MHC molecule presents antigens to CD8+ T-cells?

A

MHC I

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43
Q

What IHC markers are expressed by Tregs?

A

CD3+
CD4+
CD25+
FoxP3+

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44
Q

What IHC markers are expressed by NK cells?

A

CD3+
CD16+
CD56+

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45
Q

What is the function of Tregs?

A

Suppress function of other T-cells

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46
Q

What marker is expressed by memory B-cells?

A

CD27

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47
Q

What type of T-cell are Th17 cells?

A

CD4+ (T-helper cell)

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48
Q

What type of T-cell are Th1 cells?

A

CD4+ (T-helper cell)

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49
Q

What type of T-cell are Th2 cells?

A

CD4+ (T-helper cell)

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50
Q

What is the site of maturation of B-cells?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

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51
Q

What is the site of maturation of T-cells?

A

Thymus

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52
Q

What type of adhesion molecule is responsible for low-affinity adhesion of circulating WBC to endothelial cells?

A

Selectins

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53
Q

What selectins are expressed by endothelial cells?

A

E-selectin
P-selectin

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54
Q

Which endothelial cell selectin is stored in granules and rapidly expressed in response to histamine?

A

P-selectin

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55
Q

What selectin is produced in response to IL-1 and TNF during infection?

A

E-selectin

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56
Q

What is the major ligand for P-selectin expressed by circulating leukocytes?

A

Sialyl Lewis X

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57
Q

What type of selectin is expressed on leukocytes?

A

L-selectin

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58
Q

Which chemokines recruit neutrophils?

A

CXCL1
CXCL8 (IL-8)

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59
Q

What allows for high-affinity binding of leukocytes to the endothelium during rolling?

A

Chemokines on endothelial cells binding to receptors on leukocytes

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60
Q

What ligand binds to integrin VLA-4 on on leukocytes?

A

VCAM-1 (on endothelial cells)

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61
Q

What ligand binds to integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1 on leukocytes?

A

ICAM-1 (on endothelial cells)

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62
Q

What type of junction must be disrupted in order for leukocytes to leave the blood and enter tissue?

A

Adherens junctions between endothelial cells

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63
Q

What chemokine receptors are expressed by neutrophils to allow for chemotaxis?

A

CXCR1
CXCR2

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64
Q

What chemokine receptor is expressed by monocytes to allow for chemotaxis?

A

CCR2

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65
Q

What chemokine is produced by tissue cells to recruit monocytes to tissue?

A

CCL2 (binds to CCR2 on monocytes)

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66
Q

What cell wall lipid serves as a PAMP for gram-positive bacteria?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

67
Q

What cell wall lipid serves as a PAMP for gram-negative bacteria?

A

LPS

68
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

endogenous molecules released by damaged/dying cells

69
Q

What is the term for the class of receptors that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

70
Q

What TLR do motile bacteria bind to?

A

TLR5
TLR11
(flagellin binding)

71
Q

What TLR binds to dsRNA?

A

TLR3

72
Q

What TLRs binds to ssRNA?

A

TLR7
TLR8

73
Q

What TLRs are activated by heat shock proteins and HMGB1?

A

TLR2
TLR4

74
Q

Which TLRs are expressed on the plasma membrane and sense extracellular PAMPs?

A

TLR1
TLR2
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
TLR11
TLR12

75
Q

What TLRs are expressed within cells on the ER and endosomal membranes?

A

TLR3
TLR7
TLR8
TLR9
TLR10
TLR13

76
Q

What protein in the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for TLRs to localize to endosomes?

A

UNC-93B (deficient individuals are susceptible to viral infections)

77
Q

What is one of the primary transcription factors that is activated when a TLR is bound?

A

NF-kB

78
Q

Which TLR is NOT involved in the activation of NF-kB?

A

TLR3 (it activates type I interferons)

79
Q

What 3 type of PRRs are present in the cytosol rather than on cell membranes?

A

NOD-like receptors
RIG-like receptors
cytosolic DNA sensors

80
Q

What TLR recognizes DNA viruses?

A

TLR9 (+/-TLR3)

81
Q

What TLRs recognize protozoa?

A

TLR9
TLR11
TLR12

82
Q

What TLR regulates TLR2 responses and suppresses inflammation?

A

TLR11

83
Q

What TLRs have been associated with Leishmania disease progression in dogs?

A

TLR2 upregulation
TL4 downregulation
TLR7 downregulation
TLR9 downregulation

84
Q

What type of lymphocytes predominate in generalized demodicosis?

A

CD8+

85
Q

What do RIG-like receptors sense?

A

Viral RNA

86
Q

What do C-type lectins recognize?

A

Microbial carbohydrates

87
Q

What type of C-type lectin is expressed by Langerhans cells?

A

Langerin (CD207)

88
Q

What does TLR4 recognize?

A

LPS

89
Q

What does TLR5 recognize?

A

Bacterial flagellin

90
Q

What does TLR1 recognize?

A

Bacterial lipopeptides

91
Q

What does TLR2 recognize?

A

Bacterial peptidoglycan

92
Q

What does TLR3 recognize?

A

dsRNA

93
Q

What does TLR6 recognize?

A

bacterial lipopeptides

94
Q

What does TLR7 recognize?

A

ssRNA

95
Q

What does TLR8 recognize?

A

ssRNA

96
Q

What does TLR9 recognize?

A

CpG DNA
dsDNA

97
Q

What does TLR11 recognize?

A

Profilin
Flagellin

98
Q

What does TLR12 recognize?

A

Profilin

99
Q

What does TLR13 recognize?

A

Unmethylated bacterial RNA

100
Q

What cells of the skin are the most versatile sensors of PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

Dendritic cells

101
Q

What cytokine is produced by ILC1s (innate lymphoid cells)?

A

IFN-gamma (intracellular microbe defense)

102
Q

What transcription factor is expressed by ILC1s?

A

T-bet (similar to Th1 cells)

103
Q

What cytokines are produced by ILC2s (innate lymphoid cells)?

A

IL-5
IL-9
IL-13
(helminth defense)

104
Q

What transcription factor is expressed by ILC2s?

A

GATA-3 (like Th2 cells)

105
Q

What cytokines are produced by ILC3s?

A

IL-22
IL-17
(extracellular bacteria and fungi defense)

106
Q

What IHC markers would denote an NK cell?

A

CD3-/CD56+

107
Q

What is the primary cytokine produced by NK cells?

A

IFN-gamma

108
Q

What proteins are contained within NK cell granules and are released when NK cells are activated?

A

Perforin
Granzymes

109
Q

Which cytokines activate NK cell-mediated killing?

A

IL-12
IL-15

110
Q

An NK cell recognizes MHC class I on a potential target. Is the target cell likely to be killed?

A

No–the NK cell will be inhibited so that killing does not occur (normal cells should express MHC class I)

111
Q

Which part of complement is triggered by mannose-binding lectin?

A

Lectin pathway

112
Q

What part of complement is triggered by the binding of C1q to the Fc portion of microbial antibodies?

A

Classical pathway

113
Q

What part of complement is triggered by the recognition of microbial surface structures by C3?

A

Alternative pathway

114
Q

What proteins make up the membrane attack complex?

A

C5b
C6
C7
C8
C9

115
Q

What protein serves as an opsonin in the complement cascade?

A

C3b

116
Q

What pathway of complement is antibody-mediated?

A

Classical pathway

117
Q

What antibody is most efficient at complement-binding?

A

IgM (>IgG)

118
Q

What is the function of the membrane attack complex?

A

Cause cell lysis

119
Q

What is the function of complement?

A

Opsonization
Promote phagocytosis
Stimulate inflammation

120
Q

Name the 3 most important inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune system.

A

TNF-a
IL-1
IL-6

121
Q

What are the main cell types that produce TNF-a?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells

122
Q

IL-12 and IFN-gamma are secreted during antigen presentation to a naive T-cell. What cell is it likely to become?

A

Th1 cell

123
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23 are secreted during antigen presentation to a naive T-cell. What cell is it likely to become?

A

Th17 cell

124
Q

IL-4, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP are secreted during antigen presentation to a naive T-cell. What cell is it likely to become?

A

Th2 cell

125
Q

What is the effect of IL-6 on B-cells?

A

Promotes antibody production

126
Q

What cytokine inhibits macrophage and dendritic cell activation (i.e. anti-inflammatory)?

A

IL-10

127
Q

What is the term for the antigen-binding portion of an antibody?

A

Fab region

128
Q

What part of an antibody molecule is involved in effector functions?

A

Fc region

129
Q

Which 2 antibodies are involved in complement activation?

A

IgG
IgM

130
Q

What is the function of MHC molecules?

A

Bind and display peptides to be recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells

131
Q

What chemokines attract APCs into LN for presentation to T-cells?

A

CCL19
CCL21
(bind to CCR7 receptor on dendritic cells)

132
Q

What type of MHC molecule is expressed on almost all nucleated cells?

A

MHC class I

133
Q

What is the main cytokine that stimulates expression of MHC class II?

A

IFN-gamma

134
Q

What are the 4 major subsets of CD4+ T-cells?

A

Th1
Th2
Th17
Treg

135
Q

What is the defining cytokine of Th1 cells?

A

IFN-gamma

136
Q

What is the major function of Th1 cells?

A

Macrophage activation

137
Q

What are the defining cytokines of Th2 cells?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

138
Q

What are the main effector functions of Th2 cells?

A

Mast cell and eosinophil activation

139
Q

What are the defining cytokines of Th17 cells?

A

IL-17
IL-22

140
Q

What are the major functions of Th17 cells?

A

Neutrophil recruitment and activation

141
Q

What chemokine receptors are expressed in high levels by Th1 cells (but not Th2)?

A

CXCR3
CCR5

142
Q

What chemokine receptors are expressed in high levels by Th2 cells?

A

CCR3
CCR4
CCR8

143
Q

Which chemokine receptor is expressed in high levels by Th17 cells and what is its ligand?

A

CCR6
Binds to CCL20

144
Q

What type of organism drives Th1 cell development?

A

Intracellular microbes

145
Q

What type of organism drives Th2 cell development?

A

Helminths

146
Q

What type of organism drives Th17 cell development?

A

Fungi
Some bacteria

147
Q

Which ligand is present on Th1 cells and serves to activate macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria?

A

CD40L

148
Q

What antibody is likely to be produced by a B-cell when stimulated by IL-4?

A

IgE

149
Q

What cytokine is the primary activator of eosinophils?

A

IL-5

150
Q

What cytokines are important for CD8+ cell differentiation?

A

IL-2
IL-12
IL-15
IL-21
type I interferons

151
Q

What are the major cytotoxic proteins in granules of CD8+ T-cells?

A

Granzymes
Perforin
(same as NK cells)

152
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of cytotoxic T-cell-mediated killing?

A

Perforin and granzymes
Fas and FasL

153
Q

What is the primary cytokine produced by CD8+ T-cells?

A

IFN-gamma

154
Q

What complement pathways are activated by extracellular bacteria?

A

Alternative
Lectin (if the bacteria express mannose on their surface)

155
Q

What type of bacterial infection requires cell-mediated immunity: intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

156
Q

What is generated by COX-2?

A

Prostaglandins

157
Q

What combination of cytokines is responsible for sickness associated with inflammation (fever, lethargy, malaise)?

A

TNF-a and IL-1

158
Q

What cytokine is a “master regulator” that triggers and maintains allergic inflammation at barrier surfaces?

A

TSLP

159
Q

What type of cell does IL-25 attract?

A

Eos

160
Q

What cytokine family is IL-31 a member of?

A

IL-6

161
Q

Which histamine receptor plays a major role in IL-31 release?

A

H2

162
Q

What is CXCL8 also known as?

A

IL-8

163
Q

What 2 chemokines are major neutrophil attractants?

A

CXCL8
CXCL2

MK ACVD Exam (17 decks)

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