Atopy and hypersensitivity Flashcards
What is the term for secreted proteins that bind to specific receptors and play a role in intercellular communication among leukocytes?
Interleukins
What cytokines are produced by Th2 cells?
IL-4, 5, 13, 31
What cytokines are released by damaged epithelial cells and contribute to the development and intensity of Th2 responses/inflammation?
TSLP
IL-25
IL-31
IL-33
What immune cells are the primary producers of IFN-gamma?
Th1 cells
What type of cell produces cytokines that are important in the immune response to helminths?
Th2
What cytokines are produced by Th17 cells?
IL-17A
IL-17F
IL-6
IL-8
TNF-alpha
IL-22
IL-26
What is the major role of Treg cells in hypersensitivity?
Allergen tolerance
Where are ILCs active?
Mucosal surfaces
What cytokines are produced by epithelial cells when they sense allergens?
IL-1alpha
IL-25
IL-33
TSLP
GM-CSF
What cytokines are produced when epithelial cells sense viruses?
type I interferons
GM-CSF
RANTES
What is the role of IL-1RA?
Anti-inflammatory via inhibition of IL-1 signaling (it acts as a “dummy” IL-1)
What two interleukins can produce high levels of IFN-gamma when combined?
IL-12
IL-18
What cytokine downregulates filaggrin expression and can impair barrier function?
IL-33
Is IL-38 pro- or anti-inflammatory?
Anti
What cytokine is essential for the development of Treg cells?
IL-2
What cytokine serves as a major stimulus of Th2 cell development?
IL-4
What is the effect of IL-4 on type I immunity?
It suppresses type I immunity
The receptor for which cytokine serves as a marker for ILCs?
IL-7
What is the effect of IL-9 on Th1 cells?
Reduces Th1 cytokine secretion
What is the effect of IL-9 on B-cells?
Promotes IgE production
Is IL-10 pro- or anti-inflammatory?
Anti
What is the effect of IL-10 on B cells?
Promotes their survival and proliferation
Increases IgG production
What is the effect of IL-20 on the skin?
Hyperkeratosis, epidermal thickening
What cells express IL-24?
Melanocytes
T-cells
Monocytes
What is the major function of IL-24?
Tumor suppression
What type 2 cytokine contributes to proliferation and activation of eosinophils?
IL-5
What cytokine is found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthmatic patients?
IL-5
What cells produce IL-31?
Activated CD4+ T-cells (CD8+ T-cells produce lower levels)
What cells express the IL-31 receptor?
KCs
epithelial cells
dorsal root ganglia
eos
basophils
monocytes
What cytokine does TSLP resemble structurally?
IL-7
What type of inflammatory response is promoted by TSLP?
Th2
What is the major function of IL-8?
activation and recruitment of neutrophils
Is IL-17 pro- or anti-inflammatory?
Pro
IL-14 promotes proliferation of what cell type?
B-cells
In what organ is IL-34 most abundant?
spleen
Does IFN-gamma promote a Th1 or Th2 cell response?
Th1
What cytokine plays a role in embryonic development?
TGF-beta
What cytokine plays a key role in the defense against intracellular pathogens?
TNF-alpha
A local increase in which cytokine causes the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
TNF-alpha
What is the average size of cytokines?
25 kDa
Are cytokines usually found in circulation?
No (rare)
Do cytokines act in a widespread or local manner?
Local
What cytokine shares similar properties to IL-4?
IL-13
What are the primary roles of Th17 cytokines?
Inflammation
Extracellular pathogens
What are the major roles of Th1 cytokines?
Viruses
Intracellular pathogens
What are the major roles of Th2 cytokines?
Parasites (extracellular organisms)
Allergy
What is the role of DC1 dendritic cells?
Anti-tumor activity
What T cell subset can be activated by DC1 dendritic cells?
Th1
What cytokines are produced by DC1 dendritic cells?
IL-1alpha
IL-1beta
IL-6
IL-12
IL-23
What T-cell subset is activated by DC2 dendritic cells?
Th2
What cytokines are produced by DC2 dendritic cells?
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
What cytokines/chemokines are produced when Langerhans cells are stimulated by TSLP?
IL-16
IL-8
CCL22/MDC
CCL17/TARC
What chemokine is considered a biomarker for atopic dermatitis?
CCL17/TARC
What receptor does TARC bind to attract Th2 cells?
CCR4
What cells produce TARC?
Langerhans cells
Keratinocytes
What cells produce MDC/CCL22?
Macrophages
T-cells
Langerhans cells
What cytokines induce CCL2 expression?
IL-4
IL-13
What cells produce IL-8?
Langerhans cells
Endothelial cells
Macs
What is the function of IL-16?
CD4+ T-cell chemotaxis
What cytokine binds to nerves to stimulate itch?
TSLP
What cells are activated by IL-33?
ILC2
Eos
Basophils
Mast cells
Macs
What cells are activated by IL-33?
Mast cells
Th2 cells
What cytokines have receptors on peripheral nerves?
TSLP
IL-25
What cytokine is critical in equine allergy?
IL-5
What pro-inflammatory cytokine is a major inducer of acute phase proteins in the liver?
IL-6
What cytokine has similar activities to IL-1?
IL-6
What are the 3 primary pro-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
What is the major function of IL-17?
Activation of neutrophils
Is IFN-gamma a type I or type II intereron?
Type II
What cell type makes IFN-alpha?
Leukocytes
What cell type makes IFN-beta?
Fibroblasts
What cell types produce IFN-gamma?
T-cells (Th1)
NK cells
Macs
What are two major anti-inflammatory cytokines?
TGF-beta
IL-10
What T-cell subset produces TGF-beta
Treg
What cytokine is heavily implicated in canine leishmaniasis?
IL-17
What cytokines are produced by damaged keratinocytes and serve as alarmins?
IL-25
IL-33
TSLP
Is atopic dermatitis primarily Th1 or Th2-driven?
Th2
How does adult-onset AD differ from pediatric-onset AD?
Pediatric: low Th1, high Th2, preserved FLG expression
Adult: more upregulation of Th1 and Th17, less pronounced barrier defect
What ethnicity has the highest Th17 activation in AD?
Asian
What cytokines are considered the main drivers of AD pathogenesis?
IL-4
IL-13
What is the effect of IL-13 on dermal fibroblasts and how does this contribute to AD lesions?
It stimulates them to produce collagen –> AD-related skin fibrosis
Besides atopy, which condition is associated with increased IL-1 expression in the skin of humans?
Alopecia areata
What JAK subsets mediate signaling of IL-13?
JAK 1, JAK 2, TYK2
What JAK subsets mediated signaling of IL-31?
JAK1, JAK2
What receptor for IgE is over-expressed in AD skin?
FCεR1
What fibers are stimulated by histamine, triggering itch?
unmyelinated C fibers
Are cannabinoids considered agonists or antagonists of TRPV1?
Antagonists
What is released when C fibers are activated by TRPV1?
substance P
What are the keratinocyte-derived cytokines involved in AD?
TARC/CCL17
MDC/CCL22
TSLP
IL-33
What cytokine is constitutively expressed in epithelial tissues?
IL-33
True or false: TSLP is currently considered a relevant therapeutic target in cAD
False
What is the primary effect of TARC?
Recruitment of Th2 cells to the skin
What cytokine correlates with AD disease severity?
CCL17/TARC (this is why it is a biomarker for AD)
What is the receptor for CCL22/MDC?
CCR4 (same as CCL17/TARC)
What are the primary functions of IL-4?
Leukocyte survival in Th2 responses
IgE class-switching of B-cells
Is IL-4 considered more prominent in acute or in chronic AD?
Acute
When does IL-31 expression in the skin peak after allergen challenge?
24-48 hours
True or false: IL-31 expression in the skin and blood are highly correlated
False
What cytokines induce IFN-gamma secretion?
IL-12
IL-15
IL-18
What happens if IL-18 is present in the absence of IL-12?
Stimulates Th2 response (normally IL-18 + IL-12 stimulates Th1)
What are the representative cytokines produced by Treg cells (i.e. “immunosuppressive cytokines”)
IL-10
TGF-β
True or false: IL-10 and TGF-β secretion significantly change with ASIT
False (previously these were thought to be involved in the MOA of ASIT but a 2021 paper found no significant change in plasma levels of these cytokines after 1 year of ASIT)
What is the function of IL-22?
Activates keratinocyte proliferation
What cytokine is suspected to be involved in the lichenification seen in chronic cAD?
IL-22
How does IL-34 in human AD differ from canine AD?
IL-34 is decreased in the epidermis of humans with AD
IL-34 is higher in the serum of dogs with AD (but remained high despite clinical improvement so may play less of a role in dogs)
What medication serves as a NK-1R antagonist and decreased pruritus and skin lesions in cats?
Maropitant
Which neuropeptide is blocked from binding to its receptor by maropitant?
Substance P
What dog breeds are predisposed to cAD worldwide?
Boxer
Bulldog
Lab
Pug
WHWT
What short, single-stranded RNA molecules are suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of allergies?
microRNAs (miRNA)
Name 4 environmental factors that are considered protective against AD in humans
Rural environment
Diet rich in fiber
High food diversity
Early contact with peers
What environmental factors have been associated with a decreased risk of developing cAD?
Rural environment
Walking in woods
Living with another dog
Living in detached house
Non-processed meat-based diet early in life
Birth in current household
What is the effect of D. farinae serine protease on cytokine expression?
Increased IL-33 expression
How is a “major” allergen defined?
If >=50% of patients allergic to the parent allergen have detectable positive IgE on serology or skin test
What are 5 known major allergens in dogs?
D. farinae (Der f2, Der f15, Der f18, Zen1)
Japanese cedar (Cry j1, Cry j3)
short ragweed (Amb a1)
M. pachydermatis
Ctenocephalides felis (Cte f1)
What is the most common cause of cAD worldwide?
House dust mites
What are the major HDM allergens for cAD?
Der f2
Der f15
Der f18
Zen1
What parameter has been most commonly used to indirectly assess the skin barrier?
TEWL
What 4 measurements have higher sensitivity when combined to assess the skin barrier integrity?
TEWL
pH
erythema
hydration
What is the correlation between pH and clinical sign severity in cAD?
Negatively correlated
What ceramides are usually altered in AD as compared to healthy controls?
ceramide 1
ceramide 9
cer[NP]
How is the structure of lipid packing in AD different from that of unaffected dogs?
In AD there is hexagonal lipid packing (instead of orthothrombic)
What structural protein is known to be mutated in humans with AD?
Filaggrin
What tight junction proteins are reduced in atopic dogs and may be involved in the cAD pathogenesis?
claudin-1
occludin
What species of Malassezia predominates on the skin of non-atopic dogs?
M. globosa
What species of Malassezia predominates on the skin of atopic dogs?
M. pachydermatis
What bacterial organisms are more abundant in the ears of atopic dogs?
Staphylococcus spp.
Ralstonia spp.
What bacterial organism is more abundant in the ears of non-atopic dogs?
Escherichia spp.
Is the expression of host defense peptide genes higher or lower in atopic dogs compared to healthy dogs?
Higher (though this does not correlate to increased protein expression of these peptides)
Describe the reaction patterns consistent with allergic dermatitis in cats
Miliary dermatitis
Self-induced alopecia
Eosinophilic granuloma complex
Head and neck excoriations
True or false: There is strong evidence for allergen avoidance for FASS cats
False
What steroid is considered particularly diabetogenic in cats?
Dexamethasone
True or false: There is sufficient evidence to support the use of CsA for treatment of feline asthma
False
What antihistamine has some support for its efficacy as a first-line H1R-antihistamine in cats?
Chlorpheniramine
What bred of cat is predisposed to FASS?
Abysinnian (Persian, Siamese, Maine Coon also suspected)
Is there a sex predilection for FASS?
Yes- females overrepresented
How does BAL fluid in asthmatic cats differ from that in cats with chronic bronchitis?
Asthma: eosinophils predominate
Chronic bronchitis: neutrophils predominate
What does IDAT detect?
Allergen-specific IgE bound to cutaneous mast cells
What does ASIS detect?
Circulating allergen-specific IgE
What is the withdrawal time for antihistamines prior to IDAT?
7 days (2 days minimum)
What is the withdrawal time for short-acting oral/topical glucocorticoids prior to IDAT?
14 days
What is the withdrawal time for long-acting injectable glucocorticoids prior to IDAT?
28 days
In comparison to dogs, what extracutaneous sign may be seen more commonly in cats with atopy?
Asthma
Does the definition of feline atopic skin syndrome include food and flea allergy?
No - environmental only
Does pentoxifylline need to be withdrawn prior to IDAT?
No
What is the most widely used positive control for IDAT and at what concentration?
histamine at 1:100,000 w/v (1:10,000 w/v also accepted)
What lesion types are assessed by the CADESI-4?
erythema
lichenification
excoriation/alopecia
What 20 body sites are evaluated in the CADESI-4?
What are the 4 points on the CADESI-4 severity scale?
None
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Besides the CADESI, what other scoring system has been validated for lesions of AD?
CADLI
Does cAD have a known sex predilection?
No
What body region is most commonly affected in WHWT and SharPeis with cAD?
Dorsolumbar
What body regions are most commonly affected in GSDs with cAD?
Elbows
Hindlimbs
Thorax
What body region is most commonly affected in Dalmatians with cAD?
Lips
What is the prevalence of conjunctivitis in allergic dogs?
21-30%
What is the prevalence of rhinitis in allergic dogs?
7%
Is FLG considered a primary mutation in WHWT with cAD?
No
What two candidate genes are proposed to be involved in cAD pathogenesis in WHWT?
PTPN22
cytochrome p450 26B1
What candidate gene is proposed to be involved in cAD pathogenesis in Glden Retrievers?
RAB3C
What candidate gene is proposed to be involved in cAD pathogenesis in GSDs?
PKP2
How do Group 1 mite allergens increase epithelial permeability?
They are cysteine proteases –> degrade occludin, claudin, and zona occludens
Which groups of allergens are serine proteases?
Groups 3, 6, 9
Where are mast cells highest in number on canine skin?
Pinnae, ventral interdigital
Describe the presence of macrophages in atopic vs healthy canine skin
Atopic: macs present in lesional and non-lesional skin
Healthy: macs not present
What is the name of the high-affinity IgE receptor?
FcεRI
What proteins can induce IgE-independent mast cell degranulation?
Proteases, stem cell factor
The binding of which TLRs to their ligands can increase TSLP expression?
TLR3, TLR4 (whereas TLR2 and TLR7 do not increase TSLP expression)
What cell types express cannabinoid receptors?
KCs
Endothelial cells
Mast cells
PEA (palmitoylethanolamide) is an agonist of what type of receptor?
Cannabinoid
True or false: total serum IgE levels are strongly associated with atopic status in dogs
False (it’s allergen-specific IgE that matters)
What is the term for atopic-like dermatitis in humans?
Intrinsic atopic dermatitis
Besides IgE, which other antibody is suspected to have some role in atopy?
IgG
What type of lymphocyte are a major component of the inflammatory infiltrate in cAD skin?
CD3+ T-cells
What type of lymphocyte typically predominates in the epidermis of normal skin?
CD8+ T-cells
What type of lymphocyte typically predominates in the dermis of normal skin?
CD4+ T-cells
What receptor on T-cells allows them to be recruited to atopic skin?
CCR4 (binds TARC)
Do Th1 cytokines induce humoral or cell-mediated immunity?
Cell-mediated
Do Th2 cytokines induce humoral or cell-mediated immunity?
Humoral
What type of T-helper cell response predominates during acute lesions of AD and during sensitization?
Th2
What are 3 regulatory cytokines in cAD?
IL-10
TGFβ
FOXP3
What is the role of S100A8 protein in atopy?
Induces chemotaxis of neutrophils
Describe the body distribution of lice and Cheyletiella in dogs
Describe the body distribution of Sarcoptes in dogs
Describe the body distribution of trombiculiasis in dogs
Describe the body distribution of demodicosis in dogs
Describe the body distribution of Malassezia in dogs
What are the most common food allergens in dogs?
Beef
Dairy
Chicken
Wheat
(lesser: soy lamb, pork, fish, corn)
Describe the distribution of clinical lesions in different breeds with cAD
Name Favrot’s criteria
1) Age of onset <3 years
2) Mostly indoor
3) Corticosteroid-responsive pruritus
4) Chronic or recurrent yeast infections
5) Affected front feet
6) Affected ear pinnae
7) Non-affected ear margins
8) Non-affected dorsolumbar area
What is the minimum numer of Favrot’s criteria that should be fulfilled to help with the diagnosis of cAD?
5
Within how many months after peak allergy season should IDAT be done?
2 months (>60 days is too late)
How many minutes after intradermal injection should a reaction be read?
15-20 min
What are the most common methods for serum allergy testing?
Solid phase ELISA using a monoclonal anti-canine IgE Ab
FcεRIα receptor assay
What sedatives should be avoided prior to IDAT?
Ketamine
Oxymorphone
Acepromazine
Morphine
What sedatives can be safely used for IDAT?
Xylazine
Dexmedetomidine
Tiletamine/zolazepam
Halothane
Isoflurane
Methoxyfluorane
What percent of dogs with CAFR should respond to an 8 week elimination diet trial?
90%
Where are IL-31 receptors highest?
Dorsal root ganglia
What cytokine is rapidly induced after exposure to Staph superantigens?
IL-31
What are the receptor subunits for IL-31?
IL-31RA
OSMR
What cytokine is constitutively produced by KCs?
IL-1alpha
What cells produce IL-2?
Th1 cells
Macs
What is the function of IL-3?
Stimulates hematopoiesis
What cytokine is a homolog for IL-2?
IL_7
What cytokine is critical for the survival of memory T-cells?
IL-7
What cytokines have been shown to be significantly elevated in the blood of atopic dogs compared to controls?
IL-7
IL-8
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-31
IL-34
What cytokine is produced by macrophages in response to microbial infection?
IL-12
What cytokine is produced by macrophages during phagocytosis of neutrophils?
IL-23
What cytokine lives in the nuclei of keratinocytes and is only released when the cell is injured?
IL-33
What is another name for CCL5?
RANTES
What chemokine attracts B-cells?
CCL3
Is IFN-gamma found more in chronic or acute lesions?
Chronic
What cytokine’s primary biological function is to induce a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells?
TNF-alpha
TGF-beta induces the production of which antibody?
IgA
Which cytokine is important in wound healing due to its role in collagen synthesis?
TGF-beta
What T-cell subset is CD3+?
All T-cells
What T-cell subset is CD4+?
Helper T-cells
What T-cell subset is CD8+?
Cytotoxic T-cells
What T-cell subset is CD4+CD8+?
Memory T-cells
What T-cell subset is CD4+CD25+FoxP3+?
Tregs
What T-cell subset is CD4+IFNgamma+?
Th1
What T-cell subset is CD4+IL4+?
Th2
What cytokines support differentiation of Th1 cells?
IL-12
IL-27
IFN-gamma
What cytokines support differentiation of Th2 cells?
IL-4
IL-25
IL-33
TSLP
What is the master regulator (i.e. transcription factor) of Th1 responses?
Tbet
What is the master regulator (i.e. transcription factor) of Th2 responses?
GATA3
What cytokines are important in the differentiation of Th17 cells?
IL-1
IL-6
IL-23
TGF-beta
What is the relationship between endotoxin exposure and severity of cAD?
Lower exposure leads to worsened severity
How does endotoxin exposure reduce the risk of cAD development?
Endotoxin stimulates production of Th1 and Treg cells –> inhibits generation of Th2 cells
What parts of the body have the highest concentration of mast cells in dogs?
Lateral and medial pinnae
Ventral interdigital skin
What part of IgE binds to mast cell FcER1 receptors?
C3 domain of the epsilon heavy chains
What cytokine results in high-affinity IgE production by B-cells?
IL-13
What does CD117 bind to and where is it found?
Binds to stem cell factor
CD117 (KIT) is a receptor found on mast cells
What is c-kit?
The gene that encodes the KIT receptor on mast cells
What is KIT also known as?
CD117
What increases within the cytosol of mast cells to result in their activation?
Ca++
What does toluidine blue bind to in order to provide the metachromatic staining of mast cell?
Proteoglycans (i.e. heparin)
What is the role of the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) in immunity?
It is a mast cell receptor that provides an alternative way for mast cells to degranulate (different from IgE-mediated degranulation)
Are basophils phagocytic?
No
Are eosinophils phagocytic?
Yes
Who are the main producers of IL-5?
Th2 cells
What 3 epithelial cytokines result in IL-5 production?
IL-25
IL-33
TSLP
Are eosinophils APCs?
Yes
What eosinophil granule protein has antiviral activity?
EDN (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)
What eosinophil granule proteins have antibacterial properties?
MBP (Major basic protein)
ECP (eosinophil cationic protein)
What cytokine is essential for basophil survival?
IL-3
Which histamine receptors are responsible for pain and itch?
H1
What cells store serotonin?
Platelets
Mast cells
What is the effect of serotonin on vessels in CATTLE?
Vasodilation
What is the effect of serotonin on vessels in most species?
Vasoconstriction (exception: cattle)
What complement proteins are anaphylatoxins?
C3a
C5a
What makes up the majority of mast cell granule contents?
Heparin
What is the effect of substance P on wound healing?
Promotes healing
What enzyme converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes?
5-lipoxygenase
What isoform of COX is responsible for increased prostaglandin synthesis in inflamed tissues?
COX-2
What enzyme is the target of NSAIDs?
COX-2
Which organs can experience itch sensation?
Superficial skin
Cornea
Some mucous membranes
Where does itch originate?
Sensory fibers in the epidermis and upper dermis
Where are itch signals transmitted to in the spinal cord?
Dorsal root ganglion
What type of sensory nerve fibers are primarily responsible for the transmission of itch signals?
C-fibers (slow-conducting)
Which cytokines are poor pruritogens but act to sensitize neurons to other pruritogens?
IL-4
IL-13
Which T-cells are the primary producers of IL-31?
Th2
What 2 receptors in the dorsal root ganglia are required for IL-31 to stimulate itch?
IL-13R
IL-31R
Which neuropeptides are most important in generating itch?
Substance P
Nerve growth factor
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide)
What does substance P bind to once released by sensory neurons?
Neurokinin receptors on mast cells, KCs, cutaneous nerve endings
How does stress contribute to allergy?
Affects mast cell degranulation via substance P and corticotrophin-releasing hormone
What receptor on C nerve fibers serves as a receptor for capsaicin?
TRPV1
True or false: Patients with chronic AD have increased cutaneous innervation.
True
What is the main source of nerve growth factors that contributes to increased cutaneous innervation in AD?
Degranulating eos close to dorsal root ganglia
What 2 subunits make up the active IL-13 receptors on keratinocytes?
IL-4Ra
IL-13Ra1
What is the “decoy” receptor on KCs that binds to IL-13 to decrease itch?
IL-13Ra2
What breed has a filaggrin gene mutation involved in AD?
Golden Retrievers (NOT WHWT!)
What happens when an air pollutant binds to AhR?
The receptor translocates to the epithelial cell nucleus –> upregulates genes encoding IL-33 and TSLP
True or false: Total IgE correlates with lesional severity in dogs with AD
False
In canine AD, do gamma/delta T-cells predominate in the epidermis or in the dermis?
Epidermis
In canine AD, do alpha/beta T-cells predominate in the epidermis or in the dermis?
Dermis
What are the primary cytokines inhibited by cyclosporine?
IL-2**
IL-4
IFN-gamma
What type of CD4+ T-cell predominates in the INITIAL immune response to Malassezia?
Th17
What Staph toxin induces mast cell degranulation and increases IgE levels?
Delta toxin
What is the major allergen in chicken meat?
Gal d 7
What are the major allergens in cow milk?
alphaS1-casein (Bos d 8)
alpha-lactalbumin (Bos d 4)
Beta-lactoglobulin (Bos d 5)
What hypersensitivity responses occur in arthropod allergies?
Type I (IgE-mediated)
Type IV (T-cell-mediated)
What is the most significant flea allergen?
Cte f 1
What is a hapten?
Small molecule that is not antigenic on its own but can become antigenic when bound to a protein
What type of hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated?
Type IV
What type of hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
Type IV (drug binds to epithelial cells –> acts as hapten –> cytotoxic T-cells recognize the epithelial cell as foreign and destroy it
Why are beta-lactams commonly implicated in CADRs?
The beta-lactam ring is unstable and binds to lysine resides on proteins in the host serum
What is a type A CADR?
A predictable, dose-dependent reaction related to the drug’s pharmacological effects
What genetic mutation is associated with sulfonamide sensitivity in Dobermans?
Single nucleotide polymorphism in the cytochrome b5-reductase gene (–> cannot detoxify hydroxylamine metabolites)
What is the pathogenesis of type II HST reactions?
antibodies directed against own cells act with complement to bind to target cells and cause lysis
What type of HST reaction is mediated by IgE?
Type I
What type of HST reaction is this?
Type I
What type of HST reaction is this?
Type II
What type of HST reaction is this?
Type III
What type of HST reaction is this?
Type IV
How long after Rabies vaccination might a vaccine-induced vasculopathy be seen?
1-4 months on average
What cytokines are increased with the use of immunotherapy?
IL-10
TGF-B
What are 3 drugs that have been implicated in causing cutaneous vasculitis in dogs and cats?
Itraconazole
Fenbendazole
Meloxicam
What molecule usually serves as the protein that binds hydrophobic molecules and presents them to T-cells in an allergic contact reaction?
CD1a
What are the primary inflammatory cells responsible for allergic contact dermatitis?
CD8+ T-cells
True or false: antihistamines are likely to be of benefit in cases of allergic contact dermatitis.
False- no benefit (T-cell mediated disease)
Recent literature has shown clinical efficacy in a vaccine targeting which interleukin in equine patients with insect bite hypersensitivity?
IL-5
