Claws, hooves, feathers, horns Flashcards
What part of the claw is the most active in production of keratinocytes?
Claw matrix
What is the word for short claws?
Brachyonychia
What is the term for hypertrophy and abnormal curvature of the claws?
Onychogryphosis
What is the term for thickening of the claws?
Pachyonychia
What is the most common fungal infection of the claw in dogs?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
What is the most common fungal infection of the claw in cats?
Microsporum canis
Besides atopy, what is a primary differential for Malassezia paronychia in cats?
Paraneoplastic (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
What breeds are predisposed to SLO?
GSD, Gordon Setter
What alleles are associated with the genetic predisposition to SLO in Gordon Setters?
DLA Class II
What breeds are predisposed to idiopathic onychomadesis?
GSD, Whippet, English Springer Spaniel
What is the most common tumor affecting the claws in cats?
SCC (followed by FSA, adenocarcinoma)
What is the most common tumor affecting the claw in dogs?
SCC (followed by STS, MCT)
What type of tumor may metastasize to the digits in cats?
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma
What is the MST for cats with lung-digit syndrome?
67 days
What is the term for the junction between the skin and the hoof?
Coronet
What part of the equine foot pad contacts the ground?
Frog
What layer makes up the bulk of the hoof wall?
Stratum medium/coronary epidermis
What does the periople cover?
Coronary band
What connects the basement membrane of the hoof to the periosteum of the distal phalanx?
Corium
What type of bonds in the hoof wall allow for its physical strength?
Disulfide bonds
How long does it take for the hoof to grow from coronary band to ground surface?
8 months
What are the 3 layers of the hoof capsule wall?
Stratum externum (outermost)
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
What MMPs are present in normal hoof wall lamellae?
MMP-2 and 9
Which feet are usually affected in laminitis?
Front
What would be the benefit of using acepromazine or nitroglycerin in laminitis?
Increased blood flow to hoof
What part of the hoof is typically affected by canker?
Frog and sole
What part of the hoof is typically affected by thrush?
Primarily frog
Is thrush or canker more likely to cause lameness?
Canker
What is the most common tumor of the equine foot?
Sarcoid
What anchors the hoof wall to the underlying bone?
Lamellar corium
What is the effect of grain on hoof wall growth?
High grain=faster growth
True or false: male and female animals have horns
True
True or false: male and female animals have antlers
False, only males (exception: caribou)
Name 3 functions of horns
Organism defense
Social signaling
Thermoregulation
At what age does the cornual process of the horn become hollow?
6 months (so need to de-horn before that)
Which species have horns in a parietal position?
Sheep and goats
Which species have horns in a frontal position?
Cattle
What is an antler covered in while it is actively growing?
Velvet (nutrient and O2 supply)
What is the central stalk/feather shaft called?
Calamus
What is the term for the point at which the barbs on a feather emerge?
Rachis
What is the rhamphotheca?
Beak
What is the rhinotheca?
The sheath covering the maxilla
What is the gnathotheca?
The sheath covering the mandible
What are the 5 regions of the hoof capsule?
Periople
Wall
White line
Sole
Frog
What makes the the frog, white line, and periople more elastic than the hoof wall?
Fewer disulfide bonds
What part of the hoof epidermis is responsible for its mechanical strength and stiffness?
Intertubular horn
What type of keratin is expressed by the basal cells between epidermal and dermal lamellae in the hoof?
K14
What is the rate of claw growth?
0.7-2.1 mm per week
