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ANHB1102 > Nutrition and Aging > Flashcards

Nutrition and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients that must be sinus especially daily and in relatively large amounts

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2
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients that must be consumed in relatively small amounts

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3
Q

What are examples of macronutrients?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

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4
Q

What are examples of micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that must be obtained from the diet

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6
Q

What are non essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that are not required in the diet because they are produced by biochemical processes of the body

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7
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any substance in food that is used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

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8
Q

When does the absorptive state occur?

A

The time of eating, digesting and absorbing nutrients

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9
Q

When does the post-absorptive state occur?

A

Time between meals

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the absorptive state?

A
  • lasts 4 hours after a meal

- concentrations of nutrients increase as they are absorbed from the gut

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the post-absorptive state?

A
  • body relies on stores of nutrients

- body woks to maintain homeostatic levels of nutrients

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12
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
  • disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
  • polysaccharides: dextrose, cellulose, starch, glycogen
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13
Q

What is the major hormone during the absorptive state?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

What is the major hormone during the post-absorptive state?

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Why is regulation of blood glucose so important?

A
  • low blood sugar levels compromise normal brain function

- high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1

A
  • inability to produce sufficient insulin
  • 10% of diabetes cases
  • treated by self-monitoring of glucose and artificially injected insulin
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17
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 2

A
  • decreased responsiveness of cells to insulin
  • 90% of diabetes
  • risk factors: age, obesity, genes
  • treatment: changes in diet and exercise
18
Q

What is BMI?

A

Kg per m^2 = weight/height^2

19
Q

What are overweight and obese BMIs?

A

Overweight: 25
Obese: 30+

20
Q

What are the three things that causes the body to grow?

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • extracellular Matrix
21
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Division of cells

22
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Growth of cells

23
Q

What are some key changes in rates of height growth?

A
  • post natal decline

- pubertal peak

24
Q

Why is there a dip in height before and after birth?

A

Challenges before and after birth

25
Q

What is the challenge before birth?

A

Fetus outgrows the placenta

26
Q

What is the challenge to growth after birth?

A

Change in environment = biggest homeostatic challenge that the body faces

27
Q

What hormone is essential for bone and muscle growth?

A

Thyroid hormone

28
Q

What hormones are important for fetal growth?

A
  • GH relatively unimportant

- insulin and insulin like growth factors (IGFs) are more important

29
Q

What does GH do?

A
  • acts as an anabolic hormone

- promotes hyperplasia and hypertrophy

30
Q

What are the key targets of GH?

A

Muscle and bone

31
Q

What stops growth at the end of puberty?

A

Epiphyseal plate closure by sex steroid hormone

32
Q

What is senescence?

A

The process by which cells stop dividing and enter state of permanent growth arrest

33
Q

What is Hayflick’s limit?

A

All cells have a finite capacity to did die (40-60 times)

34
Q

What is a telomere?

A

GGGTTA repeated on chromosome ends

35
Q

What does a telomere do?

A

Generates stability at ends of chromosomes

36
Q

What happens to telomeres and how are they repaired?

A
  • telomeres are lost during replication

- telomerase repaired lost telomeres (low in somatic cells’

37
Q

What are free radicals?

A

By products of oxidative phosphorylation

- OH, H2O2

38
Q

What are some effects of senescence?

A
  • decreases protein synthesis capacity
  • decreases immune function
  • decreases hormone production
  • decreases muscle mass
  • decreases bone density
  • decreases respiratory function
39
Q

What causes menopause?

A

Decline of gonadal oestrogen due to loss of follicles

40
Q

What are some symptoms of menopause?

A
  • decreased bone density and muscle mass

- increased body fat

41
Q

What is the treatment for menopause?

A

HRT: combined estrogen progesterone

42
Q

What is the risk of HRT for menopause?

A

Increased risk of breast cancer

ANHB1102 (11 decks)

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