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ANHB1102 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A state of overall internal chemical and physical stability that is required for the survival of cells and the body

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2
Q

What do homeostatic mechanisms do?

A

Maintain a constant internal environment despite a variable external environment

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3
Q

What does deviation from homeostasis indicate?

A

Disease

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4
Q

What is a set point?

A

The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

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5
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A feedback loop where the the effect opposes the original stimulus

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6
Q

What are the elements of a feedback loop?

A

Stimulus, receptor, integrator, effector, response

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7
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Where the response increases the original stimulus

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8
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Lipid hormones

Non lipid hormones, peptides

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9
Q

Pathway of steroids hormones

A
  • lipid soluble - diffuse directly through the cell membrane
  • enter the cytoplasm
  • enter the nucleus
  • form a hormone receptor complex (transcription factor)
  • binds to promoter regions of genes
  • stimulates or inhibits the transcription of those genes
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10
Q

Pathway of peptide hormones

A
  • binds to a receptor on the cell membrane

- activates a Secondary messenger

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11
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormone stimulates a nearby cell, travels through extra cellular material

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12
Q

Autocrine

A

The hormone secretion acts on the cell itself or cell type

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13
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

ACTH, TSG, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin

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14
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

ADH, oxytocin

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15
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones

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16
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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17
Q

What do the ovaries and testes secrete?

A

Sex hormones

18
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

19
Q

What does the thyroid secrete?

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

20
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Regulates metabolism

21
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lowers blood Ca2+

22
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

23
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Regulates blood calcium levels

24
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

Fasting: 4.0 - 5.4mmol/L

After a meal: <7.8mmol/L

25
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes

26
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

A
  • hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone
  • thyroid releases thyroid hormone
  • thyroid hormones have negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
27
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone

28
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

High levels of thyroid hormone

29
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Fatigue
Weight gain
Intolerance to cold temperatures
Dry skin

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
High heart rate
High blood pressure
Heavy sweating
Heat intolerance
Weight loss
31
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

Underproduction of GH or insensitivity of receptors to GH during childhood

32
Q

What happens to effective circulating blood volume and blood pressure when someone is bleeding internally?

A

They both drop

33
Q

What causes and increase in blood pressure in the bleeding internally case?

A

Sympathetic nervous system - adrenaline

34
Q

Effect of adrenaline on sweat glands and blood vessels of the skin

A
  • blood vessels constrict

- sweat glands stimulated to secrete

35
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

An emergency condition in which severe fluid or blood loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body

36
Q

What are some symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

A
  • rapid heartbeat
  • low blood pressure
  • nauseous
  • thirsty
  • rapid shallow breathing
  • weakness
37
Q

Internal bleeding case: what type of cellular respiration will the casualties non essential organs be using?

A

Anaerobic - results in a build up in lactic acid which decreases neural function

38
Q

Internal bleeding case: why is the casualty nauseous?

A

Lack of blood flow to the gut

39
Q

What happens to cells if there is insufficient insulin in a diabetic?

A

Cells are starved of energy since they cannot use the glucose in the blood

40
Q

What is a byproduct of the breakdown of fat?

A

Ketones - volatile, blown off at the lungs

41
Q

What happens when ketones build up in the blood?

A

Ketoacidosis

ANHB1102 (11 decks)

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