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ANHB1102 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an evolutionary force?

A

Any factor that brings about changes in allele frequencies over time in a population and is thus capable of causing evolutionary change

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2
Q

What are the 4 evolutionary forces?

A
  • natural selection
  • mutation
  • random genetic drift
  • gene flow
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3
Q

What is a population?

A

A groups of organisms of the same species living in the same georgraphical area at the same time who have the capacity of interbreeding

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4
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

The principle states that in the absence of evolutionary forces allele frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next

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5
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

P^2 +2pq + q^2 =1

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6
Q

What are the differences between migration and gene flow?

A
  • migration is more or less a permanent move of individuals which doesn’t always involve interbreeding between immigrant and host
  • gene flow always involves interbreeding but ,ah not involve a permanent migration
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7
Q

What is random genetic drift?

A

A mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from random fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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8
Q

What is founder effect?

A

Genetic differences between a newly founded population and its parent population due to the small size of the founding group

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9
Q

What is population bottleneck?

A

A bottle neck occurs when many members of a population die and only a few are left to reproduce. The new population has a restricted gene pool with different allele frequencies

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10
Q

What is a key factor that determines the rate of evolution due to RGD?

A

Population size - inverse relationship

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11
Q

What is a genetic polymorphism?

A

The occurrence of two or more commonly occurring alleles at a locus in a population, frequency of the most common allele less than 0.99

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12
Q

What is an example of a polymorphism?

A

Sickle cell in Africa

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13
Q

When is a locus monomorphic?

A

When the most common allele has a frequency of greater than 0.99

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14
Q

What is an example of a monomorphism?

A

ABO in South American natives - all group O

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15
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The sum of all the genetic material in a population

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16
Q

How can a population that was monomorphic become polymorphic?

A
  • mutation followed by drift or selection to increase frequency
  • gene flow
17
Q

Is RGD increasing or decreasing?

A

Decreasing

18
Q

Is gene flow increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing - because migration is increasing

19
Q

How does gene flow interact with RGD?

A

Gene flow counteracts with RGD because it means populations act as a single unit with a larger N than two separate populations

20
Q

What are the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg?

A
  • no mutation
  • large population (no RGD)
  • no selection
  • random mating
  • no gene flow
21
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, what does a change in allele frequencies mean?

A

Evolution has occurred

22
Q

What are the consequences of inbreeding?

A
  • increase in frequency of homozygotes

- increases frequency of rare deleterious recessive conditions

23
Q

What is the coefficient of inbreeding?

A

F

0.5 x r (of parents)

24
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation considering interbreeding

A

Q and p: +Fpq

Heterozygote= -WpqF

25
Q

What are similarities between simple and complex traits?

A
  • genetic

- May have an environmental influence

26
Q

Differences between simple and complex traits

A

Number of loci: one vs many
Usual environment impact: small vs small or large
Nature of trait: discrete vs discrete or continuous

27
Q

What does heritability capture?

A

Captures how much variation of a trait within a population is due to genetics

28
Q

What are concordance rates used for?

A

Discrete diseases

29
Q

How is heritability measured?

A

Value between zero and 1

Closer to 1: higher the genetic influence

30
Q

What are some limitations of heritability?

A
  • H is not constant
  • assortative mating overestimates H
  • shared environments overestimate H

ANHB1102 (11 decks)

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