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ANHB1102 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major valves in the digestive system?

A
  • cardiac sphincter
  • pyloric sphincter
  • illeocaecal valve
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2
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Controls emptying rate of stomach

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3
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

Prevents reflux of stomach contents into eosphagus

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4
Q

What does the illeocaecal valve do?

A

Prevents reflux of large intestine contents into the small intestine

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5
Q

What does the celiac trunk supple blood to?

A
  • lower oesophagus
  • stomach
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • spleen
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6
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

A
  • most of the small intestine

- proximal half of the large intestine

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7
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

A
  • distal half of large intestine

- rectum

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8
Q

Define ingestion

A

The selective intake of food

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9
Q

Define digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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10
Q

Define absorption

A

Uptake of nutrient molecules into epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then to blood and lymph

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11
Q

Define compaction

A

Absorption of water and consolidation of the indigestible residue

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12
Q

Define defamation

A

Elimination of waste

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13
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of contraction of circular muscle behind the food bolus and relaxation of muscle in front of the bolus

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14
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Moves food along the gut

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15
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Alternate contraction of rings of smooth muscle

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16
Q

What does segmentation do?

A

Divides and squeezes back and forth, mixes food within the gut

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17
Q

What epithelium are the lips and cheeks lined with?

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing, mechanical digestion

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19
Q

What are the purposes of mastication?

A

Makes food easier to swallow, exposes more surface area of food for the action of digestive enzymes which increases the rate of chemical digestion

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20
Q

What are the two phases of swallowing?

A
  • buccal - voluntary

- pharyngoesophagal - involuntary

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21
Q

Why is the pyloric sphincter so important?

A

It limits the flow of highly acidic stomach contents into the duodenum so that the submucosal glands and pancreatic secretions can neutralise the contents

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22
Q

Epithelium of the digestive tract

A
  • oral cavity: non-keratinised stratified squamous
  • esophagus: non-keratinised stratified squamous
  • stomach: simple columnar
  • small intestine: simple columnar
  • large intestine: simple columnar
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23
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates

A

…

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24
Q

Digestion of proteins

A

…

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25
Q

Digestion of fats

A

…

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26
Q

Embryological development of the digestive system

A

Endoderm forms lining of gut

Mesoderm forms Ct and surrounding muscle

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27
Q

What cells are found in the stomach?

A
  • mucous cells & mucous neck cells
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
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28
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A
  • pepsinogen

- gastric lipase

29
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A
  • HCl

- intrinsic factor

30
Q

How does the production and action of pepsin work?

A
  • chef cells secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
  • parietal cells secrete HCl
  • HCl removes some of the amino acids from pepsinogen to for pepsin
31
Q

How is pepsin autocatalytic?

A

It causes more pepsinogen to convey to pepsin

32
Q

Why does the stomach have 3 layers of muscular is externa?

A
  • helps with segmentation

- allows the stomach to stretch

33
Q

What do tight junctions in the stomach epithelium do?

A

Prevents stomach juices from digesting the connective tissue of the lamina propria

34
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A
  • water
  • HCl
  • pepsin
35
Q

What is the pH of gastric juice?

A

0.8

36
Q

How much gastric juice is produced everyday?

A

2-3L

37
Q

What are the three ways that the small intestine increases surface area?

A
  • plica circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli
38
Q

Characteristics of plica circulares

A
  • circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa
  • form transverse spiral pathways
  • occur from the duodenum to the middle of the ileum
39
Q

What is the function of plica circulares?

A
  • causes chyme to flow in a spiral path which increases contact with mucosa
  • slows passage of chyme
  • promotes more thorough mixing and nutrient absorption
  • increases surface are by a factor of 2-3
40
Q

What are villi?

A
  • fingerlike projections

- folds of the epithelium

41
Q

What is the function of villi?

A
  • increase surface area by a factor of 10
42
Q

What are microvilli?

A
  • folds of the epithelia cell membrane
43
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A
  • increase the surface area by a factor of 20

- contain brush border enzymes for contact digestion

44
Q

Epithelium of the rectum and anal canal

A
  • simple columnar

- non-keratinised stratified squamous

45
Q

What primary tissues types is the digestive tract derived from?

A
  • endoderm: forms lining of the gut

- mesoderm: forms CT and muscle that surround the gut

46
Q

What is formed from the foregut?

A

Lining of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and 1st third of duodenum

47
Q

What is formed from the midgut?

A

Last 2 thirds of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse colon

48
Q

What is formed from the hind gut?

A

Transverse colon, descending colon, rectums and anal canal

49
Q

Embryological development of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas

A

Form as a diverticula (bud) of the endoderm tube at the junction of the foregut and the midgut

50
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A
  • lumen
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia or serosa
51
Q

Mucosa

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria (CT)
  • muscularis mucosa
52
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of loose CT containing nerves, blood, mucus secreting glands and lymphatic cells

53
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Usually 2 layers of smooth muscle: in ed circular layer, outer longitudinally layer

54
Q

Serosa

A

Thin layer of CT and mesothelium

55
Q

Adventitia

A

Fibrous CT

56
Q

What are the 2 neural networks in the digestive tract?

A
  • myocentric plexus

- submucosal plexus

57
Q

Myocentric plexus

A
  • between the 2 layers of muscularis externa

- controls frequency & strength of contractions of muscularis externa

58
Q

Submucosal plexus

A
  • controls glandular secretions

- controls movement of muscularis mucosa

59
Q

Intrinsic salivary glands

A
  • lingual, buccal and labial glands

- produce lingual lipase, lysozyme and secrete saliva

60
Q

Extrinsic salivary glands

A
  • paratoie, submandibular and sublingual glands

- secrete salivary

61
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Moistens and lubricates food

62
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

63
Q

Where does most of the digestion and nutrient absorption occur?

A

Jejunum

64
Q

Parts of the villi where nutrients are absorbed:

A

Capillary: carbohydrates and proteins
Lacteal: lipids

65
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates

A

…

66
Q

Digestion of proteins

A

…

67
Q

Digestion of fats

A

…

68
Q

Muscularis externa of the large intestine

A

Taenia coli form haustra coli

69
Q

Gastro-esophageal junction

A

Epithelium goes from stratified squamous to simple columnar

ANHB1102 (11 decks)

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