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ANHB1102 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Supply of oxygen rich blood to the heart tissue

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2
Q

Which arteries supply the heart with blood?

A
  • right coronary artery

- left coronary artery

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3
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

Aorta

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4
Q

What is the heart?

A

Muscular pump that keeps blood flowing through the vessels

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5
Q

What do vessels do?

A

Deliver blood to the body and then return it back to the heart

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6
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • right side of the heart

- carries O2 poor blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then returns it to the heart

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7
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A
  • left side of the heart

- carries O2 rich blood to the body and returns O2 poor blood back to the heart

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8
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Hearts blood supply - O2

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
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10
Q

Endocardium

A
  • innermost lining
  • simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of loose Ct
  • continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels
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11
Q

Myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle

- thickest layer

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12
Q

Epicardium

A
  • simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of loose CT
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13
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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14
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

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15
Q

What are the major branches off the aorta?

A
  • brachioceohalic artery: right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
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16
Q

Embryological development of the heart

A
  • derived from mesoderm

- Heart bulge forms the heart: original near head but undergoes lateral folding to end up in correct position

17
Q

When does the heart start beating?

A

Beginning of week 4

18
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
19
Q

Characteristics of the tunica intima

A
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • loose CT
20
Q

Characteristics of the tunica media

A
  • smooth muscle
  • collagen
  • elastin (sometimes)
21
Q

Characteristics of the tunica adventitia

A
  • loose CT

- often interweaves itself with tissue of neighbouring structures/organs

22
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  • right atrioventricular valve (3 cusps)
  • left atrioventricular valve (2 cusps)
  • pulmonary valve (3 cusps)
  • aortic valve (3 cusps)
23
Q

What are the different circuits of the heart?

A
  • pulmonary

- systemic

24
Q

The walls of which ventricle is thicker?

A

Left

25
Q

Action potential of the heart

A
  • resting membrane potential of -90mV
  • Na+ floods in - depolarisation
  • Ca2+ prolongs depolarisation
  • K+ channels open at end of plateau
26
Q

Conduction in the heart

A

Sinoatrial node - atrioventricular node - atrioventricular bribers - branching fibres - purkinje fibres

27
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

28
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

29
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Ventricular filling
  3. Isovolumetric contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
  6. Ventricular filling
30
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

CO= SV x HR

31
Q

What is the average stroke volume at rest?

A

70mL

32
Q

How is heart rate changed?

A

Change heart rate

Change stroke volume

33
Q
  1. Ventricular filling (2/3)
A
  • all chambers relaxed
  • AV valves are open
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
34
Q
  1. Ventricular filling (1/3)
A
  • atrial systole
  • completes the process of ventricular filling
  • each ventricle contains and end diastolic volume
35
Q
  1. Isovolumetric contraction
A
  • ventricular contraction begins
  • AV valves close as some blood is forced back
  • pressure in ventricles increases but not enough to open semilunar valves
36
Q
  1. Ventricular ejection
A
  • ventricular systole continues
  • when pressure of yeh ventricles exceeds the arteries the semilunar valves open
  • ventricles eject blood
37
Q
  1. Isovolumetric relaxation
A
  • ventricular systole ends
  • ventricular pressure drops
  • semilunar valves close (AV valves are still closed)
38
Q
  1. Ventricular filling
A
  • all chambers relaxed again
  • ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure
  • AV valves open
  • blood accumulated in atria rushes into ventricles
39
Q

Why does standing for a long time make someone faint?

A
  • standing means that the muscles around the deep veins in the leg are not contracting
  • therefore blood is not being forced back towards the heart and venous return is compromised
  • this reduces cardiac output and results in insufficient blood supply reaching the brain, and hence fainting occurs

ANHB1102 (11 decks)

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