Nutrition

Question 1

What is a nutrient?

Answer 1

A substance found in food that performs one or more specific functions in the body

Question 2

What are the class of nutrients?

Answer 2

Macronutrients, micronutrients

Question 3

What are macronutrients?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water

Question 4

What qualifies a nutrient as macro?

Answer 4

Required habitually at >1g/day

Question 5

What are micronutrients?

Answer 5

Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements

Question 6

What qualifies a nutrient as micro?

Answer 6

Are required in smaller amounts: <1g/day; are essential compounds

Question 7

What are the three main dietary monosaccharides?

Answer 7

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 8

What are three main dietary disaccharides?

Answer 8

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 9

How is maltose formed?

Answer 9

Glucose + glucose

Question 10

How is sucrose formed?

Answer 10

Glucose + fructose

Question 11

How is lactose formed?

Answer 11

Glucose + galactose

Question 12

What is a main dietary polysaccharide?

Answer 12

Fibre aka cellulose; is not absorbed by body; important for healthy digestive system and allowing waste to be removed form body through GI tract

Question 13

What are the functions of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 13

Energy as sugar and starch for the CNS and for PA; more complex carbohyrdates take longer to break down and provide longer term energy

Question 14

What is the RQ value of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

1.0

Question 15

What are classes of lipids?

Answer 15

Simple, compound, derived

Question 16

What are simple lipids?

Answer 16

Neutral fats, e.g. TGs; waxes e.g. beeswax

Question 17

What are compound lipids?

Answer 17

Plipids: lecithins, cephalins, lipostilos; glycolipids: gangliosides, cerebrosides; lipoproteins: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Question 18

What are derived lipids?

Answer 18

FAs: palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic acids; steroids: cholesterol, cortisol, bile acids, vitamin D, oestrogen, progesterone, androgens; hydrocarbons: terpenes

Question 19

What are functions of lipoproteins?

Answer 19

Are shuttle buses which other lipids (e.g. TGs) bind to and form a complex

Question 20

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

Answer 20

Saturated have no C=C double bonds, unsaturated has none

Question 21

How is the number of C and double bonds present in a lipid presented in short form?

Answer 21

E.g. stearic acid is 18:0 = 18 C: 0 double bonds

Question 22

What is C: double bond ratio for oleic acid?

Answer 22

18:1 (9) = double bond at 9th C

Question 23

What is C: double bond ratio for linoleic acid?

Answer 23

18:2 (9, 12)

Question 24

What is C: double bond ratio for alpha-linoleic acid?

Answer 24

18:3 (9, 12, 15)

Question 25

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 25

Fuel source; protection of vital organs; cell membrane constituents; precursors of bile, hormones, steroids; fat-soluble vitamin intake; palatability

Question 26

What is the difference between non-essential and essential amino acids?

Answer 26

Non-essential are "non-essential to diet" aka body can make them; essential are "essential to diet" aka body cannot make them, and must be consumed

Question 27

What are the non-essential amino acids?

Answer 27

Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cystein, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine (all AA's before H + proline and serine)

Question 28

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 28

Histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, tyrosine (all AA's after G - proline and serine)

Question 29

Is the balance of amino acids consistent throughout life?

Answer 29

No, balance changes as body develops/ages; histidine is unable to synth'd in infants; arginine is less able to be synth'd in children

Question 30

Why is water regarded as a macronutrient?

Answer 30

Adult body is 60% H2O; 2/3 water intracellular, 1/3 water extracellular

Question 31

What is the approximate RDA of water?

Answer 31

2.0-2.8l/day; changes all the time

Question 32

What are the functions of water?

Answer 32

Nutrient transport; protection; temperature regulation; biochemical reactions; medium for reactions

Question 33

What are the functions of the micronutrients?

Answer 33

Act as regulators and links in the processes of energy release from food; important cofactors in various chemical reactions, meaning they are important for homeostasis

Question 34

What are vitamins?

Answer 34

Organic compounds

Question 35

How many vitamins are there?

Answer 35

13

Question 36

What are the only vitamins not obtained from the diet/ that are non-essential?

Answer 36

Vitamin D and K: D is synth'd from sunlight; K is synth's by bacteria in intestine

Question 37

Why are B vitamins important?

Answer 37

Are important coenzymes in energy metabolism

Question 38

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 38

B1 (thiamine); B2 (riboflavin); B3 (niacin); B4 (pyridoxine); B12; biotin; panthothenic acid; folic acid; choline, C (ascorbic acid)

Question 39

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 39

A, D, E (alpha-tocopherol), K

Question 40

What are minerals?

Answer 40

Inorganic compounds

Question 41

What are macrominerals?

Answer 41

RDA of >100mg; presence in body >0.01%BW

Question 42

What are microminerals?

Answer 42

RDS of <100mg; presence in body <0.01%BW

Question 43

What are examples of macrominerals?

Answer 43

Ca, Mg, Na

Question 44

What are examples of microminerals?

Answer 44

Cu, I, Zn

Question 45

What are trace elements?

Answer 45

Inorganic compounds

Question 46

What is the EAR point in regards to dietary reference values?

Answer 46

50% require more, 50% require less (mean)

Question 47

What is the RNI point in regards to dietary reference values?

Answer 47

Metabolic needs of 97.5% are met

Question 48

What is the LRNI point in regards to dietary reference values?

Answer 48

Metabolic needs of only 2.5% are met

Question 49

What do the EAR, RNI, and LRNI points show about dietary reference values?

Answer 49

Dietary needs can dramatically shift between individuals - small changes can cause drastic changes in how much of the population would have their needs met

Question 50

What is the safe intake in regards to dietary reference values?

Answer 50

Where EAR, RNI and LRNI all do not occur; avoid deficiency or toxicity risk