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Biochemistry Year 1 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A substance found in food that performs one or more specific functions in the body

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2
Q

What are the class of nutrients?

A

Macronutrients, micronutrients

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3
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water

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4
Q

What qualifies a nutrient as macro?

A

Required habitually at >1g/day

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5
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements

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6
Q

What qualifies a nutrient as micro?

A

Are required in smaller amounts: <1g/day; are essential compounds

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7
Q

What are the three main dietary monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

What are three main dietary disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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9
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

Glucose + glucose

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10
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

Glucose + fructose

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11
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

Glucose + galactose

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12
Q

What is a main dietary polysaccharide?

A

Fibre aka cellulose; is not absorbed by body; important for healthy digestive system and allowing waste to be removed form body through GI tract

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13
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Energy as sugar and starch for the CNS and for PA; more complex carbohyrdates take longer to break down and provide longer term energy

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14
Q

What is the RQ value of carbohydrates?

A

1.0

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15
Q

What are classes of lipids?

A

Simple, compound, derived

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16
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

Neutral fats, e.g. TGs; waxes e.g. beeswax

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17
Q

What are compound lipids?

A

Plipids: lecithins, cephalins, lipostilos; glycolipids: gangliosides, cerebrosides; lipoproteins: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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18
Q

What are derived lipids?

A

FAs: palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic acids; steroids: cholesterol, cortisol, bile acids, vitamin D, oestrogen, progesterone, androgens; hydrocarbons: terpenes

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19
Q

What are functions of lipoproteins?

A

Are shuttle buses which other lipids (e.g. TGs) bind to and form a complex

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20
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

A

Saturated have no C=C double bonds, unsaturated has none

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21
Q

How is the number of C and double bonds present in a lipid presented in short form?

A

E.g. stearic acid is 18:0 = 18 C: 0 double bonds

22
Q

What is C: double bond ratio for oleic acid?

A

18:1 (9) = double bond at 9th C

23
Q

What is C: double bond ratio for linoleic acid?

A

18:2 (9, 12)

24
Q

What is C: double bond ratio for alpha-linoleic acid?

A

18:3 (9, 12, 15)

25
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Fuel source; protection of vital organs; cell membrane constituents; precursors of bile, hormones, steroids; fat-soluble vitamin intake; palatability

26
Q

What is the difference between non-essential and essential amino acids?

A

Non-essential are “non-essential to diet” aka body can make them; essential are “essential to diet” aka body cannot make them, and must be consumed

27
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids?

A

Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cystein, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine (all AA’s before H + proline and serine)

28
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, tyrosine (all AA’s after G - proline and serine)

29
Q

Is the balance of amino acids consistent throughout life?

A

No, balance changes as body develops/ages; histidine is unable to synth’d in infants; arginine is less able to be synth’d in children

30
Q

Why is water regarded as a macronutrient?

A

Adult body is 60% H2O; 2/3 water intracellular, 1/3 water extracellular

31
Q

What is the approximate RDA of water?

A

2.0-2.8l/day; changes all the time

32
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Nutrient transport; protection; temperature regulation; biochemical reactions; medium for reactions

33
Q

What are the functions of the micronutrients?

A

Act as regulators and links in the processes of energy release from food; important cofactors in various chemical reactions, meaning they are important for homeostasis

34
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds

35
Q

How many vitamins are there?

A

13

36
Q

What are the only vitamins not obtained from the diet/ that are non-essential?

A

Vitamin D and K: D is synth’d from sunlight; K is synth’s by bacteria in intestine

37
Q

Why are B vitamins important?

A

Are important coenzymes in energy metabolism

38
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B1 (thiamine); B2 (riboflavin); B3 (niacin); B4 (pyridoxine); B12; biotin; panthothenic acid; folic acid; choline, C (ascorbic acid)

39
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E (alpha-tocopherol), K

40
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic compounds

41
Q

What are macrominerals?

A

RDA of >100mg; presence in body >0.01%BW

42
Q

What are microminerals?

A

RDS of <100mg; presence in body <0.01%BW

43
Q

What are examples of macrominerals?

A

Ca, Mg, Na

44
Q

What are examples of microminerals?

A

Cu, I, Zn

45
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Inorganic compounds

46
Q

What is the EAR point in regards to dietary reference values?

A

50% require more, 50% require less (mean)

47
Q

What is the RNI point in regards to dietary reference values?

A

Metabolic needs of 97.5% are met

48
Q

What is the LRNI point in regards to dietary reference values?

A

Metabolic needs of only 2.5% are met

49
Q

What do the EAR, RNI, and LRNI points show about dietary reference values?

A

Dietary needs can dramatically shift between individuals - small changes can cause drastic changes in how much of the population would have their needs met

50
Q

What is the safe intake in regards to dietary reference values?

A

Where EAR, RNI and LRNI all do not occur; avoid deficiency or toxicity risk

Biochemistry Year 1 (23 decks)

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