Cells for function Flashcards
What are the six types of cells?
Epithelial, connective, nervous, blood, sensory, muscle
What are epithelial cells?
Tightly jointed cells that cover external or internal body surfaces, preventing substances from entering or leaving; protect from abrasion, dehydration and destruction. Epithelial tissue also includes glands
What are the two types of epithelial cells?
Simple and stratified
What are simple epithelial cells?
Single layer of cells, typically inside the body; e.g. interior of heart and blood vessels
What are stratified epithelial cells?
Several layers of cell, typically providing greater protection against mechanical or chemical stress; e.g. skin
What occurs to epithelial cells during exercise?
Exercise induced bronchoconstriction, typical in athletes, such as swimmers due to asthma being aggravated by Cl. Causes airway inflammation due to increased influx of epithelial cells - acute transient airway narrowing
What are three categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper; fluid connective tissue; supporting connective tissue
What are the two types of connective tissue proper, and examples of each?
Loose and dense. E.g. loose: aerolar/ adipose; dense: tendons and ligaments
What occurs to ligaments during exercise?
Is often a cause of injuries, with elite athletes having an injury preventing from playing at least once a season. Neuromuscular training can train joint and muscle to move in an appropriate way under stress
What are two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
What are the three functions of blood?
Transport, regulation, and protection
What are the two categories of blood cells?
Erythrocytes and WBCs (leukocytes)
What is the purpose of erythrocytes, and how is it specialised?
To transport oxygen in haemoglobin. It is flattened to allow easier diffusion of oxygen, with no mitochondria (otherwise might use carried oxygen in aerobic respiration)
What is the purpose of leukocytes, and how are they specialised?
For defence. Have nuclei, but lack Hb
What are five types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, monocytes, lymphocyte
What role do neutrophils have?
Phagocytosis
What role do basophils have?
Inflammation
What role do eosinophils have?
Destroy parasites
What role do monocytes have?
Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue
What role do lymphocytes have?
Immune response; direct cell attack via antibodies
What occurs in blood during exercise?
Redistribution of WBCs due to shear stress which is a marker to the body for potential injury or infection; the levels of lymphocytes decrease after exercise as some are used for tissue damage; blood volume changes (acute haemo-concentration); chronic haemodilution
Why is lymph fluid connective tissue?
Needs movement so flow isn’t stationary
What are two types of supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage and bone
What are examples of cartilage?
Nose, ears, and covers bone in joints; are more vulnerable to injury in growth spurts when young as cartilage is being stretched. Matrix consists of gel and fibres
How is bone specialised?
Hard calcium and collagen fibres; cells have projections/ extensions to blood vessels
What is nervous tissue?
Specialised for rapid conduction of electrical impulses
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
What is smooth muscle?
Thin, elongated, mononucleated cells. Present in digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and veins
What is cardiac muscle?
Adjacent cells linked by electrically conduction junctions; cells contract in synchrony
What is skeletal muscle?
Moves joints by contraction; is multinucleated; bundle of muscle fibres
What are specialised features of muscle tissue?
Neuromuscular junction; long multinucleated fibres; contractile proteins in myofibrils; sarcolemma and t-tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum; many mitochondria close to sarcolemma; sarcoplasm containing ATP, myogoblin, enzymes for glycolysis, phosphocreatine and glycogen granules and lipid droplets as enrergy stores
What is the organisation of muscle?
Actin and myosin fibrils; sarcomeres; myofibrils; muscle fibres; muscle
What are the different parts of the sarcomere?
H zone (myosin only) A band (myosin and actin overlap) I band (actin only) Z line (end of sarcomere)
What is the organisation of the body?
Similar cells from tissues; tissues form organs; organs form organ systems
What types of tissue does the heart comprise of?
Nervous for signals; epithelial for lining; muscle for contraction; connective for valves
What are the major organ systems?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
