Cells for function

Question 1

What are the six types of cells?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, nervous, blood, sensory, muscle

Question 2

What are epithelial cells?

Answer 2

Tightly jointed cells that cover external or internal body surfaces, preventing substances from entering or leaving; protect from abrasion, dehydration and destruction. Epithelial tissue also includes glands

Question 3

What are the two types of epithelial cells?

Answer 3

Simple and stratified

Question 4

What are simple epithelial cells?

Answer 4

Single layer of cells, typically inside the body; e.g. interior of heart and blood vessels

Question 5

What are stratified epithelial cells?

Answer 5

Several layers of cell, typically providing greater protection against mechanical or chemical stress; e.g. skin

Question 6

What occurs to epithelial cells during exercise?

Answer 6

Exercise induced bronchoconstriction, typical in athletes, such as swimmers due to asthma being aggravated by Cl. Causes airway inflammation due to increased influx of epithelial cells - acute transient airway narrowing

Question 7

What are three categories of connective tissue?

Answer 7

Connective tissue proper; fluid connective tissue; supporting connective tissue

Question 8

What are the two types of connective tissue proper, and examples of each?

Answer 8

Loose and dense. E.g. loose: aerolar/ adipose; dense: tendons and ligaments

Question 9

What occurs to ligaments during exercise?

Answer 9

Is often a cause of injuries, with elite athletes having an injury preventing from playing at least once a season. Neuromuscular training can train joint and muscle to move in an appropriate way under stress

Question 10

What are two types of fluid connective tissue?

Answer 10

Blood and lymph

Question 11

What are the three functions of blood?

Answer 11

Transport, regulation, and protection

Question 12

What are the two categories of blood cells?

Answer 12

Erythrocytes and WBCs (leukocytes)

Question 13

What is the purpose of erythrocytes, and how is it specialised?

Answer 13

To transport oxygen in haemoglobin. It is flattened to allow easier diffusion of oxygen, with no mitochondria (otherwise might use carried oxygen in aerobic respiration)

Question 14

What is the purpose of leukocytes, and how are they specialised?

Answer 14

For defence. Have nuclei, but lack Hb

Question 15

What are five types of leukocytes?

Answer 15

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, monocytes, lymphocyte

Question 16

What role do neutrophils have?

Answer 16

Phagocytosis

Question 17

What role do basophils have?

Answer 17

Inflammation

Question 18

What role do eosinophils have?

Answer 18

Destroy parasites

Question 19

What role do monocytes have?

Answer 19

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue

Question 20

What role do lymphocytes have?

Answer 20

Immune response; direct cell attack via antibodies

Question 21

What occurs in blood during exercise?

Answer 21

Redistribution of WBCs due to shear stress which is a marker to the body for potential injury or infection; the levels of lymphocytes decrease after exercise as some are used for tissue damage; blood volume changes (acute haemo-concentration); chronic haemodilution

Question 22

Why is lymph fluid connective tissue?

Answer 22

Needs movement so flow isn’t stationary

Question 23

What are two types of supporting connective tissue?

Answer 23

Cartilage and bone

Question 24

What are examples of cartilage?

Answer 24

Nose, ears, and covers bone in joints; are more vulnerable to injury in growth spurts when young as cartilage is being stretched. Matrix consists of gel and fibres

Question 25

How is bone specialised?

Answer 25

Hard calcium and collagen fibres; cells have projections/ extensions to blood vessels

Question 26

What is nervous tissue?

Answer 26

Specialised for rapid conduction of electrical impulses

Question 27

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 27

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Question 28

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 28

Thin, elongated, mononucleated cells. Present in digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and veins

Question 29

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 29

Adjacent cells linked by electrically conduction junctions; cells contract in synchrony

Question 30

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 30

Moves joints by contraction; is multinucleated; bundle of muscle fibres

Question 31

What are specialised features of muscle tissue?

Answer 31

Neuromuscular junction; long multinucleated fibres; contractile proteins in myofibrils; sarcolemma and t-tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum; many mitochondria close to sarcolemma; sarcoplasm containing ATP, myogoblin, enzymes for glycolysis, phosphocreatine and glycogen granules and lipid droplets as enrergy stores

Question 32

What is the organisation of muscle?

Answer 32

Actin and myosin fibrils; sarcomeres; myofibrils; muscle fibres; muscle

Question 33

What are the different parts of the sarcomere?

Answer 33

H zone (myosin only)
A band (myosin and actin overlap)
I band (actin only)
Z line (end of sarcomere)

Question 34

What is the organisation of the body?

Answer 34

Similar cells from tissues; tissues form organs; organs form organ systems

Question 35

What types of tissue does the heart comprise of?

Answer 35

Nervous for signals; epithelial for lining; muscle for contraction; connective for valves

Question 36

What are the major organ systems?

Answer 36

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive